Initiative and Referendum Processes

Elections

Initiative and Referendum States

Citizen initiatives, popular referenda and legislative referrals—three forms of ballot measures—allow citizens to vote directly on statutes and constitutional amendments, as opposed to passing them through a representative body like a legislature. Legislative referrals can be used in all states; citizen initiatives and popular referenda are used in about half the states. This page is an overview of how each type of ballot measure works and which states use them. For more information on each step of the initiative and referendum process, please see the pages below.

Citizen Initiative Overview

In political terminology, the initiative process enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. The first state to adopt the initiative was South Dakota in 1898. Since then, 23 other states have incorporated the initiative process in their constitutions. A total of 24 states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands have an initiative process.

(Mississippi established an initiative process in 1914, but it was found unconstitutional in 1922. In 1992 the state reestablished initiatives, making it the most recent state to implement this process. However, the state’s law was found void once again in 2021 because it requires proponents of an initiative to gather signatures from five congressional districts to qualify for the ballot. After the 2000 census, the state only has four congressional districts, making it impossible for a measure to qualify. Mississippi’s initiative process could come back into play some day if the state returns to having five congressional districts or amends the signature collecting language.

There are two types of initiatives: direct and indirect. In the direct process, proposed measures that qualify go directly on the ballot. In the indirect process, the proposal is submitted to the legislature. The legislature can approve the proposed measure, or a substantially similar one. In that case, the measure does not need to appear on the ballot for voter approval. Procedures vary from state to state, but if the legislature does not adopt the proposal, the question goes on the ballot. In some states with the indirect process, the legislature may submit a competing measure that appears on the ballot along with the original proposal.

No two states have the same requirements for qualifying initiatives for the ballot. Generally, however, the process includes these steps:

A group of citizens files a preliminary petition with a designated state official.
The designated official reviews the petition for conformity with statutory requirements and, in several states, a review of the proposal’s language.
A designated official prepares a ballot title and summary.
The group of citizens circulates the petition to gather the required number of signatures, usually a percentage of the votes cast for a statewide office in the preceding general election.
The citizens group submits the petition to the designated official, who must verify the number of signatures.

If the petitions are found to have enough valid signatures, the question goes on the ballot or, in states with an indirect process, is sent to the legislature. Once an initiative is on the ballot, the general requirement for passage is a majority vote, though a few states have higher thresholds.

NCSL on
Restrictions on Repeating a Citizen’s Initiative
Some states bar failed initiatives from returning to the ballot too soon.

NCSL on
Citizen Initiative Application and Filing Requirements
Petitions must be filed with the state. Some require fees or early signatures to move forward.

NCSL on
Citizen Initiative Signature Requirements
To reach the ballot, initiatives need voter signatures to show enough support.

NCSL on
Citizen Initiative Passage Thresholds
Citizen initiatives pass in most states with 50% or more of the vote.

Restrictions on Repeating a Citizen’s Initiative

Some states limit how soon a citizen initiative that fails to gain approval can reappear on the ballot. In other words, if an initiative is substantially the same as a previously introduced one that failed, it may not appear on the ballot until a certain amount of time has passed.

Eight states—Massachusetts, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah and Wyoming—impose explicit limits for how much time must pass before an initiative is reattempted, ranging from three months to five years. The table below provides the time period which must pass before a measure may be reintroduced and the statutory language.

Eight states provide time limitations repeating a specific initiative: Massachusetts, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah and Wyoming.

For more information on each step of the initiative and referendum process, please visit our page Initiative and Referendum Processes.

Restrictions on How Soon a Failed Ballot Measure Can Be Repeated
State	When a Measure Can Be Reintroduced	Repeating Measure Restrictions Statutory Language
Massachusetts Mass. Const. Amend. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 2, § 3	4 years	Such petition shall first be signed by 10 qualified voters of the commonwealth and shall be submitted to the attorney general not later than the first Wednesday of the August before the assembling of the general court into which it is to be introduced, and if he shall certify that the measure and the title thereof are in proper form for submission to the people, and that the measure is not, either affirmatively or negatively, substantially the same as any measure which has been qualified for submission or submitted to the people at either of the two preceding biennial state elections, and that it contains only subjects not excluded from the popular initiative and which are related or which are mutually dependent, it may then be filed with the secretary of the commonwealth.
Mississippi Miss. Const. Art. 15, § 273 Miss. Code Ann. § 23-17-43	2 years	If any amendment to the constitution proposed by initiative petition is rejected by a majority of the qualified electors voting thereon, no initiative petition proposing the same, or substantially the same, amendment shall be submitted to the electors for at least two years after the date of the election on such amendment.
Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 13-27-221	4 years	A statewide initiative filed under the provisions of this chapter may not be filed if it is substantially the same as a measure defeated by the voters in an election within the preceding four years.
Nebraska Ne. Const. Art. III, § 2	3 years	The same measure, either in form or in essential substance, shall not be submitted to the people by initiative petition, either affirmatively or negatively, more often than once in three years.
North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code § 16.1-01-11	3 months	Whenever at any election a bond issue or mill levy question has failed to receive the required number of votes for approval by the electors, the matter may not again be submitted to a vote until a period of at least three months has expired.
Oklahoma Okl. Const. Art. 5, § 6, 34	3 years	Any measure rejected by the people, through the powers of the initiative and referendum, cannot be again proposed by the initiative within three years thereafter by less than 25%of the legal voters.
Utah Utah Code Ann. § 20A-7-202	2 years	The lieutenant governor shall reject an initiative application or an initiative application addendum and not issue signature sheets if it is identical or substantially similar to a law proposed by an initiative for which signatures were submitted to the county clerks and lieutenant governor for certification within two years preceding the date on which the initiative application for the new initiative is filed.
Wyoming Wyo. Stat. § 22-24-301	5 years	The initiative shall not be used to dedicate revenues, make or repeal appropriations, create courts, define the jurisdiction of courts or prescribe their rules, enact local or special legislation, enact anything prohibited by the constitution for enactment by the legislature, or enact anything that is substantially the same as that defeated by an initiative election within five years preceding the time of filing of the petition.

Citizen Initiative Application and Filing Requirements

Before a petition for a ballot measure can be circulated to collect signatures and qualify for the ballot, it must be filed with the state government. Often it must be filed with the secretary of state or lieutenant governor, but some states require a measure to be submitted to their legislative research department or state elections board. Illinois is the only state that does not require an initiative to be filed with the state prior to circulating the petition.

Some states impose additional requirements when filing, such as filing fees or initial signatures to prove interest in the measure. Seven states and the US Virgin Islands require signatures: Alaska, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Ohio and Oregon. Six states require a filing fee: Alaska, California, Montana, Ohio, Washington and Wyoming.

The table below contains information on what state office manages citizen initiative applications, and if any signatures or filing fees are required.

For more information on each step of the initiative and referendum process, please visit our page Initiative and Referendum Processes.

Citizen Initiative Application and Filing Requirements
State	Who to File With	Initial Signature Requirements	Filing Fee
Alaska Alaska Stat. § 15.45.020	Lieutenant Governor	100	$100
Arizona Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 19-111	Secretary of State	No statute found.	No statute found.
Arkansas Ark. Const. Art. 5, § 1 Ark. Stat. Ann. § 7-9-107	Secretary of State and Attorney General	No statute found.	No statute found.
California Cal. Election Code §§ 9001, 9004	Attorney general who then submits to the secretary of state	No statute found.	$2,000
Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 1-40-105, 1-40-108	Secretary of state, legislative council and the Office of Legislative Legal Services	No statute found.	No statute found.
District of Columbia D.C. Code Ann. § 1-1001.16	District Board of Elections	No statute found.	No statute found.
Florida Fla. Stat. § 106.03	Division of Elections in the secretary of state’s office	No statute found.	No statute found.
Idaho Idaho Code § 34-1804	Secretary of state, who then submits to the attorney general	20	No statute found.
Illinois	Petitioners are not required to file a petition prior to circulating an initiative	None	None
Maine Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 901	Secretary of state	5	No statute found.
Massachusetts Mass. Const. Amend. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 2, § 3	Attorney general and secretary of state	10	No statute found.
Michigan Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.472	Secretary of state	No statute found.	No statute found.
Mississippi Miss. Code Ann. § 23-17-1	Secretary of state who then submits to the attorney general	No statute found.	No statute found.
Missouri Mo. Rev. Stat. § 116.332	Secretary of State who then submits to the Attorney General	No statute found.	No statute found.
Montana Mont. Code Ann. § 13-27-215, 13-27-216	Secretary of state who then forwards to the Legislative Services Division	No statute found.	$3,700
Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 32-1405	Secretary of state who then submits to the revisor of statutes	No statute found.	No statute found.
Nevada Nev. Const. Art 19, § 1	Secretary of state	No statute found.	No statute found.
North Dakota N.D. Const. Art 3, § 2	Secretary of state	25	No statute found.
Ohio Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 3519.01, 3513.10	Attorney general who then submits to the Ohio Ballot Board and secretary of state	1,000	$25
Oklahoma Okla. Const. Art. 5, § 3	Secretary of state	No statute found.	No statute found.
Oregon Or. Const. Art 4, § 1 Or. Rev. Stat. § 250.045	Secretary of state	1,000, no more than 2,000 signatures	No statute found.
South Dakota S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 12-13-25	Legislative Research Council	No statue found.	No statute found.
U.S. Virgin Islands V.I. Rev. Org. Act of 1954 § 12	Supervisor of Elections	1% of the voters of each legislative district or 4% of all Virgin Islands voters.	No statute found.
Utah Utah Code Ann. § 20A-7-202	Lieutenant governor	No statute found.	No statute found.
Washington Wash. Rev. Code § 29A.72 Wash. Admin. Code 434-379-005	Secretary of state	No statute found.	$156
Wyoming Wyo. Stat. § 22-24-302	Secretary of state	No statute found.	$1,000

Citizen Initiative Signature Requirements

For a citizen’s initiative to qualify for the ballot, petitioners must collect a certain number of signatures from voters to prove there is enough interest in the issue. The number of signatures varies depending on whether a statutory change or constitutional amendment is being proposed through the initiative. The number needed typically ranges from 5% to 10% of registered voters or votes cast in a recent election. North Dakota is the only state that ties the number of signatures to the total population of the state rather than the number of voters.

In some states, signatures can’t just be collected from anywhere in the state. Sixteen states have geographic requirements for where signatures must be collected. This usually requires a minimum number of signatures to come from a certain number of counties, legislative or congressional district to ensure that interest in a measure comes from both rural and urban areas.

The table below contains information on the number of signatures that petitioners must gather to qualify for the ballot and any geographic requirements that a state may have.

For more information on each step of the initiative and referendum process, please visit our page Initiative and Referendum Processes.

Signature Requirements for Citizen Initiatives
State	Number of Signatures Required	Geographic Requirement
Alaska Alaska Stat. § 15.45.140	Statutory change: 10% of the total votes in the previous general election with a geographic requirement of 7% of the total votes in a house district from three-fourths of the house districts.	Yes.
Arizona Ariz. Const. Art. 4, Pt. 1, § 1 Ariz. Const. Art. 21 § 1	Statutory change: 10% of the total votes for governor in the previous general election. Constitutional amendment: 15% of the total votes for governor in the previous general election.	No statute found.
Arkansas Ark. Const. Art. 5, § 1 Ark. Code Ann. § 7-9-126	Statutory change: 8% of qualified voters with a geographic requirement of 4% of qualified voters in a county from at least 50 counties. Constitutional amendment: 10% of qualified voters with a geographic requirement of 5% of qualified voters in a county from at least 50 counties.	Yes.
California Cal. Const. Art. 2, § 8	Statutory change: 5% of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election. Constitutional amendment: 8% of electors of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election.	No statute found.
Colorado Colo. Const. Art. 5, § 1	Statutory change: 5% of the total votes for secretary of state in the previous general election. Constitutional amendment: 2% of registered voters in each senate district.	Yes, constitutional amendment only.
District of Columbia D.C. Code Ann. § 1-1001.16	Statutory change: 5% of registered voters with a geographic requirement of 5% of registered voters in a ward from at least 5 of the district’s wards.	Yes.
Florida Fla. Const. Art. 11 § 3	Constitutional amendment: 8% of the total votes in the previous presidential election with a geographic requirement of 8% of the total votes in a congressional district from half the congressional districts.	Yes.
Idaho Idaho Code § 34-1805	Statutory change: 6% of qualified electors in the state at the time of the previous general election with a geographic requirement of 6% of qualified electors at the time of the last general election from 18 legislative districts.	Yes.
Illinois Ill. Const. Art. 14, § 3	Constitutional amendment: 8% of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election.	No statute found.
Maine Me. Const. Art. 4, Pt. 3, § 18	Statutory change: 10% of total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election.	No statute found.
Massachusetts Mass. Const. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 4, § 2 Mass. Const. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 5, § 1 Mass. Const. Art. 48, Gen. Prov., Pt. 2	Statutory change and constitutional amendment: 3% of the total votes for governor at the previous biennial state election. If the legislature does not enact the law, additional signatures equal to .5% of the total votes for governor at the previous biennial state election are needed. A geographic requirement of no more than one-fourth of signatures may come from a single county.	Yes.
Michigan Mich. Const. Art. 2, § 9 Mich. Const. Art. 12, § 2	Statutory change: 8% of the total votes for governor in the previous general election. Constitutional amendment: 10% of the total votes for governor at the previous general election.	No statute found.
Mississippi Miss. Const. Art. 15, § 273	Constitutional amendment: 12% of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election with a geographic requirement of no more than one-fifth of signatures coming from a single congressional district.	Yes.
Missouri Mo. Const. Art. 3, §§ 50, 53	Statutory change: 5% of the total vote for governor in the previous general election in a congressional district in two-thirds of congressional districts. Constitutional amendment: 8% of the total vote for governor in the previous general election in a congressional district in two-thirds of congressional districts.	Yes.
Montana Mont. Const. Art. 3, §§ 4, 7 Mont. Const. Art. 14, §§ 9, 10	Statutory change: 5% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election with a geographic requirement of 5% of qualified voters in a representative district from one-third of representative districts. Constitutional amendment: 10% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election with a geographic requirement of 10% of qualified voters in a legislative district from two-fifths of legislative districts.	Yes.
Nebraska Neb. Const. Art. 3, §§ 2, 4	Statutory change: 7% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election with a geographic requirement of 5% of registered voters in a county from two-fifths of the counties. Constitutional amendment: 10% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election with a geographic requirement of 5% of registered voters in a county from two-fifths of the counties.	Yes.
Nevada Nev. Const. Art. 19, § 2 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.127563	Statutory change and constitutional amendment: 10% of the total votes in the previous general election with a geographic requirement of 10% of the total votes in the previous general election in a county from every congressional district.	Yes.
North Dakota N.D. Const. Art. 3, §§ 4, 9	Statutory change: 2% of the state’s total population at the last federal decennial census. Constitutional amendment: 4% of the state’s total population at the last federal decennial census.	No statute found.
Ohio Ohio Const. Art. 2, §§ 1b, 1g Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3519.22	Statutory change and constitutional amendment: 3% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election with a geographic requirement of 1.5% of voters from a county from half of the counties.	Yes.
Oklahoma Okla. Const. Art. 5, § 2	Statutory change: 8% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election. Constitutional amendment: 15% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election.	No statute found.
Oregon Or. Const. Art. 4, § 1	Statutory change: 6% of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election. Constitutional amendment: 8% of the total votes for governor in the last gubernatorial election.	No statute found.
South Dakota S.D. Const. Art. 3, § 1 S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 2-1-5	Statutory change and constitutional amendment: 5% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the previous election.	No statute found.
U.S. Virgin Islands V.I. Organic Act 1954 § 12	Statutory change and constitutional amendment: 41% of registered voters. If 41% of registered voters is not obtained, a petitioner may obtain 10% of voters in each legislative district.	Optional.
Utah Utah Code Ann. §§ 20A-7-201, 20A-7-208	Direct statutory initiative: 8% of active voters as of Jan. 1 following the last general election with a geographic requirement of 8% of active voters in a senate district from 26 senate districts. Indirect statutory initiative: 4% of active voters as of Jan. 1 following the last general election for measures being approved by the legislature with a geographic requirement of 4% of active voters in a senate district from 26 senate districts.	Yes.
Washington Wash. Rev. Code § 29A.72.150	Statutory change: 8% of the total votes for governor in the previous gubernatorial election.	No statute found.
Wyoming Wyo. Const. Art. 3, § 52	Statutory change: 15% of the total votes in the previous general election with a geographic requirement of 15% of total votes in the previous general election distributed across two-thirds of the counties.	Yes.

Citizen Initiative Passage Thresholds

To become law, a statewide citizen initiative must first be approved by voters. In most states, an initiative passes if the vote is 50% or higher. Two states require a threshold higher than 50%: Colorado requires 50% for statutory measures but 55% for constitutional amendments, and Florida requires 60% for constitutional amendments. (Florida does not permit statutory initiatives.) Additionally, five states—Arizona, California, Oregon, Utah and Washington—have specific thresholds for measures relating to certain topics like tax measures or hunting.

Some states have other requirements for approval beyond what percentage is required for the measure to pass. Nevada requires constitutional amendments to be approved by a simple majority in two consecutive elections before the measure becomes codified. In four states—Illinois, Mississippi, Nebraska and Wyoming—the measure must have participation from a certain percentage of those voting in the election in addition to a simple majority of the votes.

The table below provides citizen initiative passage thresholds in each state.

For more information on each step of the initiative and referendum process, please visit our page Initiative and Referendum Processes.

Initiative Passage Thresholds
State	Passage Threshold	Thresholds for Specific Topics
Alaska Alaska Const. Art. 11 § 6	50%	None
Arizona Ariz. Const. Art. 4, Pt. 1, § 1 Ariz. Const. Art. 21, § 1	50%	60% for tax-related measures.
Arkansas Ark. Const. Art. 5, § 1	50%	None
California Cal. Const. Art. 18, § 4	50%	None
Colorado Colo. Const. Art. 5, § 1	Statute: 50% Amendments: 55%	None
District of Columbia D.C. Code Ann. § 1-1001.16	50%	None
Florida Fla. Const. Art. 11, § 5	60%	None
Idaho Idaho Code § 34-1813	50%	None
Illinois Ill. Const. Art. 14, § 3	60% of those who voted on the amendment or 50% of those who voted in the election.	None
Maine Me. Const. Art. 4, Pt. 3, § 18	50%	None
Massachusetts Mass. Const. Amend. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 4, § 5 Mass. Const. Amend. Art. 48, Init., Pt. 5, § 1	50% of those who voted on the measure and 30% of those who voted in the election.	None
Michigan Mich. Const. Art. 2, § 9 Mich. Const. Art. 12, § 2	50%	None
Mississippi Miss. Const. Art. 15, § 273	50% of those who voted on the amendment and 40% of those who voted in the election.	None
Missouri Mo. Const. Art. 3, § 51	50%	None
Montana Mont. Const. Art 14, § 9 Mont. Code Ann. § 13-27-503	50%	None
Nebraska Neb. Const. Art. 3, § 4	50% of those who voted on the amendment and 35% of those who voted in the election.	None
Nevada Nev. Const. Art. 19, § 2	Statute: 50% Amendments: 50% in two consecutive general elections.	None
North Dakota N.D. Const. Art. 3, § 8	50%	None
Ohio Ohio Const. Art. 2, § 1b	50%	None
Oklahoma Okla. Const. Art. 5, § 3	50%	None
Oregon Or. Const. Art. 4, § 1 Or. Const. Art. 17, § 1 Or. Const. Art. 2 § 23	50%	50% for tax measures with at least 50% voter turnout. If a measure is seeking to increase the passage threshold, the initiative must receive the same percentage of votes as the proposed increased threshold.
South Dakota S.D. Const. Art. 23, § 3	50%	None
U.S. Virgin Islands V.I. Organic Act 1954 § 12	50% of those who voted on the measure and over 50% of registered voters must have voted on the measure.	None
Utah Utah Const. Art. 6, § 1	50%	66% (2/3) for hunting measures
Washington Wash. Const. Art. 2, § 24 Wash. Art. 2, § 41	50%	60% for authorizing gambling or lotteries.
Wyoming Wyo. Const. Art. 3, § 52	50% of those who voted in the election.	None

Popular Referendum Overview

A popular referendum allows voters to approve or repeal an act of the legislature. Like a citizen initiative, a popular referendum is also triggered by petitions. Generally, petitions for a popular referendum must be submitted within a 90-day period after a law is passed. Once citizens gather enough verified signatures, the repeal of a new law appears on the ballot for the voters to decide. During the time between passage and the popular vote, the law may not take effect. If voters vote to retain the law, it takes effect as scheduled. If voters reject the law, the law is void and does not take effect. Twenty-three states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands have the popular referendum. Most of them—apart from Maryland and New Mexico—also allow citizen initiatives.

Legislative Referral (or Referendum) Overview

Legislatures are often required to refer certain measures to the ballot for voter approval. For instance, changes to the state constitution must be approved by voters before they can take effect in every state except Delaware. Some state legislatures are also required by their state constitutions to refer bond measures and tax changes to the voters. These measures are called legislative referrals or legislative referenda. Legislative referenda may appear on the ballot in all 50 states.

Another form of referendum or referral, the advisory referendum, is rarely used. In this process, the legislature, and in some states the governor, may place a question on the ballot to gauge voter opinion. Common past examples include asking voters if a constitutional convention should be held and if a new tax should be introduced. The results of an advisory question election are non-binding.

State with Initiative and Referendum Processes

State/Year Established	Statutory Initiative	Constitutional Initiative	Popular Referendum
Alaska Initiative: 1956 Referendum: 1959	Indirect Initiative *Initiative may only be proposed after the conclusion of a legislative session	None	Yes
Arizona Initiative: 1911 Referendum: 1912	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Arkansas Initiative: 1910 Referendum: 1920	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
California Initiative/Referendum: 1911	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Colorado Initiative: 1912 Referendum: 1910	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
District of Columbia Initiative/Referendum: 1955	Direct Initiative * An initiative may be rejected by congress if passed by voters	N/A	Yes
Florida Initiative: 1972 Referendum: N/A	None	Direct Initiative	No
Idaho Initiative/Referendum: 1912	Direct Initiative	None	Yes
Illinois Initiative: 1970 Referendum: N/A	None	Direct Initiative	No
Maine Initiative/Referendum: 1908	Indirect Initiative	None	Yes
Maryland Initiative: N/A Referendum: 1915	None	None	Yes
Massachusetts Initiative: 1918 Referendum: 1917	Indirect Initiative	Indirect Initiative	Yes
Michigan Initiative: 1908 (Constitutional), 1913 (Statutory) Referendum: 1913	Indirect Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Mississippi Initiative: 1914, 1992 Referendum: N/A	None	Indirect Initiative *As of 2021, Mississippi’s citizen initiative process is not valid. See explanation above	No
Missouri Initiative/Referendum: 1908	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Montana Initiative: 1904 Referendum: 1906	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Nebraska Initiative/Referendum: 1912	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Nevada Initiative: 1905 Referendum: 1904	Indirect Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
New Mexico Initiative: N/A Referendum: 1911	None	None	Yes
North Dakota Initiative/Referendum: 1914	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Ohio Initiative/Referendum: 1912	Indirect Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Oklahoma Initiative/Referendum: 1907	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
Oregon Initiative/Referendum: 1902	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
South Dakota Initiative/Referendum: 1898	Direct Initiative	Direct Initiative	Yes
U.S. Virgin Islands Initiative/Referendum: 1954	Indirect Initiative	Indirect Initiative	Yes
Utah Initiative/Referendum: 1900	Direct & Indirect Initiative	None	Yes
Washington Initiative/Referendum: 1912	Direct & Indirect Initiative	None	Yes
Wyoming Initiative/Referendum: 1968	Direct & Indirect Initiative *Initiative may only be proposed after the conclusion of a legislative session	None	Yes

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Citizen Initiative Overview

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Citizen Initiative Application and Filing Requirements

Citizen Initiative Signature Requirements

Citizen Initiative Passage Thresholds

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