Into the Thicket: A Redistricting Starter Kit for Legislative Staff

In addition to reading this starter kit, we recommend that you:

• Learn all you can about the last cycle and other recent cycles in your state. Find out about previous or pending legal challenges in your state. Understand what the alleged problem was and what the proposed solution/remedy was. What were the debates about? What work was required of staff then? Talk to legislators, staff, consultants, activists and attorneys who were involved in past rounds and learn from them.
• Get to know your state’s demographics—especially if you are not a native of the state.  Where is the population growing or shrinking relative to the statewide average? Are there regions of cultural affinity or rivalry? If so, why do those exist? Start by reviewing population projections generated by the Census Bureau, local universities or your state's demographer. 
• Learn from your peers in other states, especially if you don’t have a senior staffer who went through this process last cycle. NCSL’s informal Redistricting Staff Network (found here). connects you to your peers. If you aren’t yet on this network distribution list, just ask.
• Join NCSL’s redistricting listserv. By reading what’s posted, you’ll learn about the legal issues, and to some extent the practical issues as well. Again, just ask.
• Ask NCSL staff for assistance. We can come to your state to provide a 50-state review of redistricting processes, offer contacts for consultants, connect you with your peers doing similar work in other states or answer your procedural questions.
• Get a copy of NCSL’s Redistricting Law 2020 when it is published; it will be the fifth edition of this book. For now, here is Redistricting Law 2010.
• Take a look at NCSL’s redistricting dictionary. Terms may vary from state to state, of course.
• Come to one of five planned Getting Ready to Redistrict: Seminars for Practitioners and Others (Providence, June 20-23, 2019; Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 24-27, 2019; Las Vegas, May 6-10, 2020; Portland, Ore., Sept. 24-27, 2020; and Washington, D.C., January 2021). These seminars are designed with legislators and legislative staff in mind. While some parts of these will be the same, each will also have a different spin on this complicated topic.

Redistricting (also sometimes called districting, line-drawing or mapmaking) is the process of carving up a jurisdiction into districts for elected officials. For our purposes, this means dividing states into districts for both chambers of the legislature and seats for the U.S. House of Representatives. A few state legislatures undertake redistricting for other statewide bodies as well. For instance, California’s commission does so for the State Board of Equalization, and Utah does so for its State Board of Education. (We’ll touch in passing on the need to redistrict at smaller units of government as well. City councils, county commissions, state boards, and even the judiciary may elect representatives from geographic regions and, if that’s the case, they need to be redrawn from time to time as well. Sometimes states, such as Virginia, provide redistricting assistance to local jurisdictions.)

Redistricting is done to ensure the principle of “one person, one vote”: that voting power and representation in our legislative chambers is distributed equally, based on population. Before a series of court cases in the 1960s, legislative districts weren’t required to be redrawn based on population, and in many states, districts had remained unchanged for decades. That led to legislators or Congressmembers representing widely varying numbers of people. It wasn’t fair, said the courts, to have districts of widely divergent population size—some with 10 times as many residents as others—all represented by a single legislator. Since then it is settled law that every 10 years, after the census data is released, states are required to redraw the lines. (That doesn’t preclude redistricting more frequently depending on your state's laws, but that is less common.)

Generally, the task of redistricting falls on state legislatures. Even in states where a commission has been handed the responsibility for redistricting, the process generally still includes some role for the legislature in most states, often (but not always) the right to appoint members. The process remains much the same, whether it is conducted by the legislature or by a commission. Commissions need similar technical and financial support, even before their members are appointed. 

This project will help legislative staff get started. It includes:

• Section I on practicalities, with information about timing, Census data, other data, software, staff, budget and resources, the role of legislators v. staff, public input, publishing maps and transmitting maps and data to local election officials.
• Section II on federal and state requirements that govern redistricting.
• Section III on when your state’s maps are challenged in court.
• Section IV on what happens if your legislature does not draw maps.
• Section V on what your legislators and leadership may have on their minds.
• A checklist of data to gather well before you begin.

In general, states redistrict early in every decade, after Census data is released. Most states complete their maps prior to the candidate filing deadline for the 2021 or 2022 elections (before the next election following the census), which means maps usually must be complete by early spring in 2022.  Earlier is usually better from a candidate’s point of view (what district are they eligible to run in?)—and from an election administrator’s point of view (what races are on which ballots?). Keep in mind your state's primary filing deadlines for the 2022 elections.

Your state could be different, depending on when your legislative elections are held next. For instance, in states with legislative elections in odd-numbered years, redistricting can be done as early as the spring of 2021, just as soon as census data is released. Montana is an outlier; its commission doesn’t need to complete its work until 2023. (Montana has always had just one congressional seat, and therefore has not done congressional redistricting. It may get a second seat after the 2020 census, pending reapportionment. If that is the case, Montana would need to create congressional districts before the 2022 general election.)

How long does it take to redistrict? That depends on many things—including the prep work done before the census data is released. It can easily take over a year from receiving the census data to completion. A sample timeline of post-census tasks from Minnesota is provided below. Note there are many pre-census activities that states are engaged in relating to verifying census blocks and precincts.

Data from the census are the key information that every state must work with; it is the basis for realigning district boundaries to ensure population equality. (Census data isn’t the only data needed; see the next section for more.)

The official date of the census is April 1, 2020. Statewide population data and congressional apportionment number will be released on Dec. 31, 2020.  Other data is released in two sets.

The first identifies the census blocks and other geographic units on which the Census Bureau will report information; these geographic support products, shapefiles, tabular equivalency files, and PDF maps, will be released between November 2020 and January 2021. The second release, the 2020 Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data File, is the population numbers, what most of us think of as “the census.” Population is reported based on the geographic units released earlier, and the release starts in February 2021 and must be completed by April 1, 2021. This data has often been released in waves, with some states (those who must redistrict prior to the elections in 2021) in the first wave.

The population data provided by the census includes the total population broken down by race and Hispanic origin, total voting age population (VAP), also broken down by race and Hispanic origin, and potentially this cycle data on citizenship status (pending the outcome of multiple challenges to the inclusion of a question about citizenship this cycle.)

It is reported down to the "census block" level, the smallest geographic area the Census Bureau uses to tabulate decennial data. A census block is usually bound by both visible features (such as streets, streams, railroads, etc.) and non-visible features (such as city, county, township and voting district boundaries). Census blocks can contain anywhere from zero to hundreds of people. Census blocks get combined to larger levels of geography (such as census block groups, tracts, cities, townships and counties) and all the population data is also reported at those levels. More detailed information from the census is available on the Census Geography webpages.  

Most states use the total population numbers exactly as provided by the census. A small number of states re-allocate some of the people enumerated in the census, particularly those living in prisons. California, Delaware, New York and Maryland subtract the prison population from the districts where the prisons are located and reallocates those prisoners for redistricting purposes to their home district if possible. (For those prisoners who came from out of state, they are simply not used in redistricting.)  For local redistricting purposes, Georgia allows counties to determine if they want to include prisoners in the total population or not, and Virginia allows local jurisdictions to ignore prison populations depending on the portion they represent. Other states may have similar provisions.

Hawaii has typically excluded nonresident students and nonresident military servicemembers for legislative redistricting, and Kansas has done the same—but for resident students and resident military servicemembers they are reallocated to their permanent address.

Other states have also done adjustments of census data in previous decades, such as Massachusetts. 

Other Data (Besides the Census)

While the core requirement of redistricting is to make equal-population districts, and the census data provides that information, redistricting is also about how to put geography together in such a way as to make desirable districts, however “desirable” may be defined. To do so, most states use many other sources of data as well.

Data from the American Community Survey, a survey of 3.5 million households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau every year and reported as a five-year rolling average, is often used. This data provides information on income, education, additional age groupings and citizenship, along with more detailed information on housing units. Because this data is not an enumeration, it cannot be used as a replacement for census data. ACS data is delivered at the block group level, so a strategy must be developed to use it for district level reporting when districts are drawn at the block level.

Except in a few states where it is prohibited, redistricters may also want data that provide further insight into demographics and voting patterns and incumbent residences. This data might include information from the census about citizenship rates, household incomes, educational attainment or from other sources about, buying patterns (who shops at Neiman Marcus? who shops at Walmart?) and more.

Political data is likely to include precinct-level election returns, voter registration, and voter turnout going back several election cycles. Since voting precincts change over time and don't always line up with census blocks in some states, this kind of data may need to be allocated to census geography for use in redistricting.

By adding many additional sources of data to the census data, more detailed decisions can be based on descriptions at the census block level of “Democratic-leaning, low-propensity voters” or “Republican-leaning, high income, high-propensity older voters.”

Some states have prohibitions on using political data. If not prohibited, decision-makers are likely to desire as much data as they can get. This could include both primary data, and data from general elections for past elections. Statewide contests work best to use in redistricting, as all voters will be voting for the same candidates in the same offices throughout the entire area of your database. Districted contests (i.e., congressional and legislative) are more problematic because areas of a new district may not have uniform past results information. How far down the ballot, and how far back in time are important considerations in creating a political database, along with the ease or difficulty in getting precinct-level data from all jurisdictions in your state. 

Sometimes local contests, including those in "off-off" years, can provide important political intelligence. Contests with minority racial candidates may also be helpful. Older precinct maps are an oft-forgotten resource, as the location of "Precinct 4" (and therefore who was voting for those candidates) may have shifted across the county between elections. Besides candidate-based returns, the number of persons registered, party registration data if available in your state and turn-out in each election are important data elements for each election that becomes part of your database.

Staffers should review what data was used in the last cycle, especially if your state does not prohibit the use of political data. If you are a nonpartisan staff, be sure to understand any limitations on the data you can collect or access.

While many state governments now provide election results by precinct, there can be a lot of work to integrate this information into a redistricting dataset. Decisions about what data to include in the state database, and how to integrate various sources of data, starts long before redistricting itself begins—perhaps several years before. 

Data sets are only useful if they can be manipulated and thus turned into useful information. Until the 1980s, maps were drawn with pencil marks and eraser smudges. Now, software does the job. Staff hired at this point will learn how to use the software that has been selected, whether it runs on a stand-alone machine, on a server, or through a cloud-based service. Some vendors offer training, but in many states, it is on-the-job training.

Most states buy or lease a program from one of a small handful of vendors in this marketplace. It is important to review each vendor’s products for functionality and how it will work with your state’s specific principles and criteria. Thinking through the vendor’s ability to support their products throughout the process is important, too. The service may come pre-loaded with GIS data on income and more, or that data can be added.

A few states develop their own software in-house, including Texas. The first iteration of RedAppl (Redistricting Application) was completed in 1990 and has been rewritten twice and enhanced many times over the years. At every stage of development, IT staff and programmers have collaborated closely with legal advisors, GIS users and redistricting specialists to identify system requirements and desired functionality. Today's RedAppl enables privacy and security for map drawers, is integrated with other systems to publish plans and produce text for bill or amendment drafts, is capable of handling expansive geographic, population, and election databases, and is customizable to respond to changes in the redistricting landscape.

For the coming decade a few efforts are underway to make map drawing software available throughout the nation to anyone who cares to try. Some states will allow, or even encourage, private citizens to draw and submit maps.  It is too early to tell how sophisticated these programs will be, or what data they will have imbedded in them. As a staffer, it is useful to know that you are likely to have constituents who are drawing their own maps, and therefore second-guessing the maps produced for and by the legislature.

Most states buy or lease a program from one of a small handful of vendors in this marketplace. (See NCSL's webpage of redistricting venors). It is important to review each vendor’s products for functionality and how it will work with your state’s specific principles and criteria. Thinking through the vendor’s ability to support their products throughout the process is important, too. The service may come pre-loaded with GIS data on income and more, or that data can be added.

Each legislature must train some staff in the basics of redistricting, depending on the role the legislature plays. In Iowa, staff must know all about it, because it is Iowa’s legislative staff that is entirely responsible for drawing the maps. In states where a commission is responsible, legislative staff at a minimum will need to answer questions from members on how redistricting works in their own state specifically, and in all states more generally. And in most states, staff will work alongside consultants to provide maps for legislators to consider and vote on, requiring a high level of expertise on the procedural and the legal sides.

Even staff who may not play a direct role in redistricting might appreciate, or benefit from, a workshop on how redistricting works.

In states where the legislature is responsible for redistricting, staff will include people with technical, legal and administrative expertise. For all three, the key skill is communication, which includes knowing when not to communicate, to preserve privacy and confidentiality.

The technical staff, who manage data, software and maps, need to understand the legal landscape. It is likely that one or two people will be trained to run the software, and all requests will filter through those few hands-on people.

The legal staff, which helps policymakers understand federal and state requirements and guiding principles, needs to understand the technical side too, and be prepared to interface with members but are not likely to work on the mapping software itself.

Administrators are responsible for keeping all the balls in the air and tracking the action—and need to know a little of everything. They are likely to log the editions of maps as they are made, manage the public input process, keep a timeline of action and other duties as required. For a sample timeline, see Montana’s Work Plan For 2009-2013 Districting And Apportionment Commission.

Technical staff can be assigned to the IT program, or work under the same auspices as the legal and administrative staff. Each state will find its own model for how to organize the staff. In many states, nonpartisan central staff will have the responsibility. In other states, staff for the majority and minority caucuses in both chambers will all play a role. In fact, it is likely that each caucus will want to either have in-house staff or hire experts.

In any case, staff—nonpartisan or otherwise--will need specialized training. NCSL’s Getting Ready to Redistrict seminars are designed for them, and will provide a good overview, plus nuts and bolts on how the process works in many states. Detailed training on using the software is usually part of the purchase/lease agreement with the vendor. Hiring staff with experience in GIS may prove useful. Learning from GIS professionals in other parts of state government may prove helpful as well.

Alternatively, legislatures can hire outside consultants, who come with expertise from previous decades. Generally, specific consultants are favored by one party or the other. It would not be unusual for both parties to hire consultants, who work closely with legislators as negotiations proceed.

In addition to potentially needing to hire new staff, legislative staff will need to justify other budget requirements.

For instance, budgets are likely to cover:

• Purchasing new, dedicated, computers with substantial processing power.
• Hiring counsel to represent the state should a lawsuit be filed as well as expert witnesses.
• Purchasing printers that can produce large-scale maps; software licenses for mapping software.
• Supplies.
• Training for staff by attendance at NCSL seminars or other opportunities.
• Dedicated electronic storage.
• The costs associated with public hearings or legislative work sessions and more.

These costs will begin in 2019 or 2020, and end in 2022 in most states.

Sometimes staff can be “borrowed” from other departments to provide resources without increasing costs.

Know whose budget pays for which items. Are all costs covered in an appropriation to the central staff agency? Or broken out to the various caucuses?

In some states with nonpartisan and partisan staff, nonpartisan staff may serve a purely administrative role, providing objective data and analysis to legislators and staff from both political parties. Many states use partisan staff who serve only the members of their caucus. In some states, special funding is provided for majority and minority party staff and consultants (including counsel).

Legislators will be thinking about the impacts of changes to district lines: Which districts will be home to incumbents or can be designed to be competitive depending on their state’s priorities? How constituents’ needs are accommodated and similar political choices. Staff will be thinking about procedures, with the intent of making the process as smooth as possible.

The line between questions legislative leaders will address and questions staff are likely to answer is by no means clear, and yet there are differences. For instance:

If legislative leaders and staff can answer these questions early, that’s great. When the data arrives, there will be plenty to do without making “how to” decisions on the fly.

In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, the public played little role in redistricting. In the 2000 cycle a few states provided an opportunity for the public to play a bigger role, up to and including creating maps for the legislature to consider. In the 2010 cycle, the role of the public became more prominent. In 2020, it is likely that many states will have formal or informal opportunities for public participation. In fact, since 2010, , legislation aimed at “transparency” and “public input” has been common. With or without a change to the constitution or statute, states are likely to find individuals and constituent groups clamoring for an opportunity to have a say—even if the final decision is made by the legislature.

Public input can begin even before the census data has arrived. Some states will carry out public hearings on what general concerns and values matter to which groups of people. Many states conduct hearings after they receive data from the Census Bureau to let residents comment on how district populations have changed based over the previous decade. In general, states hold hearings both before and after draft plans are released and before plans are finally approved.

Input on what are “communities of interest” may be helpful. The principle, “preservation of communities of interest” is in use in 44 states, and yet rarely defined. A community of interest can be a racial group, but it can also be a group tied together by common economic interests, such as rice farmers, religious communities, or a connection as simple as a major road or highway that encourages shared commerce between two communities. In states that seek to preserve communities of interest, the first step is to identify them.

A second opportunity to gather public input can come through “listening tours” around the state that take place after a first draft of maps has been created and before maps are finalized. It is likely that any committee hearings on redistricting will also have a public comment period as well, managed according to standard committee protocol. Staff can be prepared with suggestions on the number of meetings to hold and where to hold them. Of course, they’ll staff the meetings as well.

Many states create specific redistricting portals or email addresses such as “RedistrictingComments@State.Gov” to receive input from those who cannot appear in person. Staff will be assigned to monitor these channels and condense or collate responses to share with legislative decisionmakers.

The biggest question about public input is whether the public will be able to submit plans, and if so, how. In the 2010 cycle, Utah set up terminals in many locations around the state for the public to draw and submit maps. Maps that met Utah’s principles, or criteria, were accepted for consideration, and a public-submitted map for the State Board of Education was adopted by the legislature.

Leadership, with advice from staff, will probably decide whether citizen access to mapdrawing will be available and if so, whether access is available in one terminal at the state capitol, a handful of terminals around the state, or perhaps a system in the “cloud” that anyone can use from any computer. No matter what the decision is, it is possible that during the 2020 cycle, public software may be available from nonprofit organizations to encourage “citizen participation” (which often comes from advocacy groups or minority political parties such as Libertarians or Greens) in redistricting. Staff will need to be prepared to deal with these submissions, even if there is no formal channel.

First, until a redistricting bill, regardless of its format as will be discussed below, is dropped in the hopper, the same privacy restrictions likely apply as to any other bill. This is important, especially when large draft maps may be available for viewing by members—but must be secured. At the very least, draft maps must be developed in a locked facility where your plotter is secure.

Redistricting plans begin as maps. Each map, and all its content, is typically translated into a bill. The legislature then votes on the bill.  How the map is created, what data is used, and the language used in the bill can be quite different based on the type of approach used to represent the real world. In most cases, states use one of the following: “metes and bounds” information, geographic information system files called shapefiles or block equivalency files.

Traditionally, “metes and bounds” have been used to describe the physical world. Metes and bounds is a system to describe a piece of land, or in the case of redistricting, a district. With the metes and bounds approach, specific real-world geographic features, and occasionally jurisdictional boundaries, are used to identify the boundary of a district. This system is still common.

The bill to enact a redistricting plan includes a street file. Street files often look like this:

As you can see from the example above, street files are tabular in nature, with additions being added as a spreadsheet of some kind is edited. Additions are made over a decade, between redistricting years. The maintenance of this list can be particularly challenging since additions cannot be viewed spatially. Also, if there is an error in translating geography into a list, it will likely not be identified. The list is what is signed into law.

Another approach used to represent the physical world is the shapefile. A shapefile is a data format used in geographic information systems (GIS) software. A shapefile is a combination of several files and data sets. One file (.shp) defines geography, such as legislative districts, congressional districts, and Census geographic units (block, block groups, tracts, etc.). Another file (.dbf) contains attributes for each geographic unit, such as the total number of persons, the voting age population, and the racial composition of the population in each geographic unit (as per the Census data). Other files included in a shapefile are necessary for the proper use of the shapefile, such as shape index (.shx) and projection (.prj) files.

Geographic features in a shapefile can be represented by points, lines, or polygons (areas). Because shapefiles maintain the correct spatial, or topological, relation among the different geographic units, they are ideal for redistricting purposes. For example, shapefiles allow for the addition or subtraction of geographic units into districts to achieve population equality, compactness, contiguity and other redistricting principles.  

A shapefile is a combination of two or more data sets: one that defines geography (per the census), one that defines population (also per the census) and perhaps others. By dividing all territory into unique shapes, no terrain is missed, and new developments will fit within a pre-defined shape.

A redistricting bill can refer to, and include, a shapefile. It is important to note that shapefiles are a good way to represent physical geography; however, they must be updated and managed appropriately.  Election data scale needs to be at a particular level to place voters in the right district. This scale needs to be determined by a GIS professional—hence the importance of election and GIS professionals working together.

A third option is the block equivalency file. A block equivalency file is a table that provides a one-to-one correspondence between census blocks and districts.  Because all geography is captured in a census block, by accounting for all census blocks, all geography is included in a district.  By going this route, it is less likely that any voters will be assigned to the wrong precinct. ("According to Election Data Services, every time they perform a voter verification process in a jurisdiction, between 10 and 12 percent of voters are currently in the wrong precinct, although many fewer are in the wrong electoral districts.)

The decision about how to define the maps in legislation is likely to be made by leadership, but staff may be called on to explain the options and make recommendations. In a few states, statute will call for one option or another, and legislation would be needed to change to a new system.

Transmitting Redistricting Plans to Local Election Officials

Once redistricting bills are enacted, the legislature’s work is done—but the work for local jurisdictions is just beginning. Local election officials need to define precincts and prepare voter lists based on who is in which district, from U.S. House, through state districts, and down to special districts. The hand-off of data to the local jurisdictions can make their work easier or harder. And, with the next election likely just a few months away (and filing deadlines even sooner) they don’t have a lot of time for this task.

It is likely local election officials have a street address file that corresponds to all known addresses in the county or other jurisdiction that might look something like this:

In the past, common practice has been to update that file, rather than start from scratch. That may be changing this decade, as interest in using GIS in the general field of election administration increases.

In states where metes and bounds are used for legislation, the translation to a street address file is difficult.

In states that use shape files from their GIS systems that depict the geometry and data associated with districts, election administrators need to be able to work with GIS as well.

If possible, transferring the districts to administrators through a block equivalency file—where every census block is detailed—is preferred. With thousands of census blocks, it’s still hard. It might be helpful to discuss the transfer process with your state’s local election officials well in advance.

Detailed maps of new district boundaries and reports of the existing precincts included in, or split by, new district lines may also be helpful to provide to local election officials.

In addition, local jurisdictions may be preparing to do their own redistricting for county, municipal, school board or other electoral bodies. While they have their own processes and criteria, they will want to start with the state’s map.

While legislators are held accountable for ensuring maps pass court muster, staff must be fully familiar with legal requirements as well. For one thing, software will probably be programmed specifically for your state’s principles and criteria.

Maps must, of course, meet federal standards. And they must meet their own state’s standards. And yet that guidance alone can lead to the creation of hundreds or thousands of “legal” maps. For examples, see the Atlas of Redistricting, which gives examples of maps drawn to favor one party or the other, maximize the number of majority-minority districts, maximize competitiveness, make districts as compact as possible, or meet other competing goals.

So, legislators will be making judgment calls, with staff advising.

NCSL has detailed information on federal and state-specific guidelines in Redistricting Criteria and Districting Principles for 2010 and Beyond.

Federal requirements in brief:

All states, of course, must comply with federal laws. The most important federal principle is one person, one vote. Over time, court rulings have established that the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution applies to redistricting, giving rise to the one-person, one-vote rule that underpins modern redistricting. In the case of U.S. House districts, one person, one vote has been interpreted to mean the population as reported by the census must be divided equally between a state’s congressional districts, down to a person. In the case of legislative districts, the court’s interpretation has a bit of flexibility.

States can establish an acceptable level of “deviation” from exact population equality for districts. Many do not do so, in which case the goal is to draw districts as close to the same population as possible, with the amount of variance determined by legislative leadership. See NCSL’S Redistricting Law 2010 book for details. (The 2020 version will be published in May 2019.)

The 14th Amendment and the Voting Rights Act, taken together, lead to the second federal principle: plans may not discriminate based on race, color or language minority. Again, see NCSL’s web pages for details.

As of this writing in November 2018, there is no federal court guidance on partisanship; while there may be a level that is determined to be unconstitutional in the future, so far none has been established.

State-specific criteria in brief:

Maps are drawn in adherence to state-specific rules as well. These are generally spelled out in constitutions, although some few criteria may be statutory, or may be included in committee guidelines that are adopted at the start of each cycle. NCSL provides complete information on these in two places. First, Redistricting Criteria defines all the options throughout the nation, and sets forth which principles, or criteria, are in use in each state for congressional and for legislative redistricting. Second, Districting Principles for 2010 and Beyond, provides a summary table of states with which principles, along with links to the citations. Both documents will be useful.

These principles can and often do conflict with one another. When that happens, legislators are likely to determine which are valued most highly, and informally or formally prioritize one over another. Balancing these complex and competing desires is also what leads to most court challenges. Whatever the priorities, staff may be asked to document the rationale for the decisions, documentation that could become part of the record when plans are challenged.

State-specific criteria can be broken into two broad categories:

In a few states, the criteria are ranked by priority. In effect, priority rankings can mean that lower priorities may not be considered.

Some advocates may offer to write algorithms that will account for priorities and automatically create districts. These automated processes have not been adopted by states, in large measure because they cannot replicate human judgment—at least not yet.

As staffers, it may seem that the goal is to develop maps that won’t be challenged. Well, most states have at least some challenges, and many states have major challenges that can last a full decade.  So, expect challenges. The staff should be mindful that when your work product is challenged, you must be in the best position possible to assist in offering a defense to your plans. Challenges to maps can come at any time, even towards the end of the decade.

If your state’s maps do go to court, all kinds of data will be subpoenaed during discovery. So, all through the process, save what you have in an organized fashion. Use a reasonable and not joke-y naming convention for maps and all related documents. Remember that your records and files could become part of the record in a court proceeding, so show proper care when writing emails, notes and other communications regarding the development of plans.

While legislative privilege has been used in the past to protect legislator/staff communications, interpretations of privilege are in flux. It is still likely true that communicating with legislators is protected, but that may not extend to outside contractors or others. Peter Wattson, formerly nonpartisan legislative staff in Minnesota, prepared a description of recent court action on legislative privilege for NCSL. In instances where attorneys have given advice to the committees involved in redistricting, the attorney-client privilege also has applicability.

Discovery extends to written materials, emails and phone records, including texts.

Note, that staff could be called to testify as well.

How successful are challenges? See NCSL’s Action on Redistricting Plans for a table that shows success by legislatures and by commissions.

How to be successful? See How to Draw Plans That Will Stand Up in Courts, created by Peter S. Wattson, former nonpartisan staff in Minnesota.

Staff may want to gather information in advance so that during redistricting itself, no time is spent on any data that can be gathered in advance. For instance, try to have on hand:

• Your state’s constitutional provisions, statutes and guidelines that relate to redistricting.
• A chart or spreadsheet listing important data that you may be asked to provide at a moment’s notice (what is the ideal population of a district, where is the population growth happening, etc.).
• Court precedents for your state, under state law.
• A history of your state’s procedures and action for the last couple of decades at least (perhaps gathered from news reports as well as legislative documents).
• A planning timeline, with the end of the election in which the new districts will be used, and candidate filing deadlines before that. The starting point might be the release of census data, no later than April 30, 2021.
• Know the status of any legislative or congressional redistricting commissions in your state, and what the legislature’s role is in terms of appointments to the commissions or review of their work. These could have primary responsibility, or be advisory in nature, or only come into being if the legislative process does not produce maps in a timely fashion.
• Does your state reallocate prisoners from their prison address to their home address or elsewhere for redistricting purposes? While California, Delaware, Maryland and New York are the only states to do so as of November 2018, legislation to require prisoner reallocation is common, so more states could go that way.  
• Similarly, how are students who live away from home and military personnel treated for redistricting purposes?
• Does your state undertake redistricting during regular session or a special session? This is often spelled out in statute (or constitution)? Is there a prohibition on drawing maps more than once in a decade? While most states do not redistrict more than once a decade, it is prohibited in a few states.
• What is your state’s expectations regarding legislative privilege?
• Know who your contacts are: those you can ask for legal guidance, who authorizes or approves portions of maps to be used in the final draft, who can talk to the media, etc.

In-Person Training Opportunities

• Getting Ready to Redistrict: Seminars for Practitioners and Others
  • June 20-23, 2019 | Providence, R,I. | Providence Marriott Downtown
  • Oct. 24-27, 2019 | Columbus, Ohio | Sheraton Columbus Hotel at Capitol Square
  • May 6-10, 2020 | Las Vegas | Renaissance Las Vegas Hotel
  • Sept. 24-27, 2020 | Portland, Ore. | Portland Marriott Downtown Waterfront
  • January 2021 | Washington, D.C. | Hotel and exact date TBD

NCSL Yearly Meetings with a Redistricting Track

• NCSL’s 2019 Legislative Summit (Nashville, Aug. 5 - 8)
• NCSL’s 2019 Capitol Forum (Phoenix, Dec. 10 – 13)
• NCSL’s 2020 Legislative Summit (Indianapolis, Aug. 10 – 13)
• NCSL’s 2020 Capitol Forum (Washington, D.C., Dec. 8 – 12)

Redistricting Law

• Redistricting Law 2010 (Note: a 2020 edition is due in September 2019)
• Redistricting Legislation Database: 2018 Onward
• Redistricting Glossary

Redistricting Commissions

• Redistricting Commissions: State Legislative Plans
• Redistricting Commissions: Congressional Plans
• Creation of Redistricting Commissions

Redistricting Criteria and Principles

• Redistricting Criteria
• Districting Principles for 2010 and Beyond

Court Action on Redistricting

• Redistricting and the Supreme Court: The Most Significant Cases
• Action on Redistricting Plans
• Redistricting Case Summaries: 2010 - Present

Census

• 2020 Census Resources and Legislation
• What You Need to Know About the 2020 Census (LegisBrief)
• 2020 Census: How State Legislators Can Make a Difference (LegisBrief)

Additional Resources

• Redistricting Resources
• 2010 Redistricting Deviation Table
• Election Dates for Legislators and Governors Who Will Do Redistricting
• The “Iowa Model” for Redistricting
• NCSL’s Redistricting and Elections Standing Committee Members
• NCSL’s Redistricting Staff
• NCSL's Redistricting Vendors
• NCSL's Redistricting 101 Webinar

• Alexis Stangl’s 2019 Nashville Summit presentation (30 minutes) on redistricting basics

This project’s genesis was the answer to a new legislative staffer’s request, “Where can I begin on redistricting?” NCSL did not have a good answer, so we set out to write this webpage, Into the Thicket: A Starter Kit. The real magic for this project came through the assistance of true redistricting experts--experienced legislative staff (and a very few others).

NCSL thanks the following people for their contributions and guidance:

• Rachel Weiss, legislative research analyst, Montana Legislative Services Division
• Matt Gehring, house research attorney and the house research department, Minnesota House of Representatives
• Alexis Stangl, counsel, Minnesota Senate
• Gina Wright, executive director, Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment Office, Georgia General Assembly
• James “Ted” Booth, general counsel, PEER Committee, Mississippi
• Jared May, manager, Mapping and Redistricting Section, Research Division, Texas Legislative Council
• Jeffrey M. Wice, special counsel, New York State Assembly; staff co-chair, NCSL Redistricting & Elections Standing Committee
• Michelle Davis, senior policy analyst, Maryland General Assembly
• Ben Collins, GIS director, Mississippi Legislature
• Raysa Martinez Kruger, principal research analyst, New Jersey Office of Legislative Services
• Karin Mac Donald, director of the Statewide Database & Election Administration Research Center, University of California, Berkeley
• Kim Brace, president, Election Data Services Inc.
• Clark Bensen, principal consultant, POLIDATA
• Ben Williams, J.D., legal analyst and project coordinator, Princeton Gerrymandering Project
• James Whitehorne, chief, Census Redistricting & Voting Rights Data Office, U.S. Census Bureau
• Jamie Chesser, geospatial programs manager, National State Geographic Information Council

With best wishes for success as we enter the 2020 redistricting cycle,

Wendy Underhill, director, Elections & Redistricting