Notes
Ref. 1 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2016 Year in Review (Washington, D.C.: Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), 2017), http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2016-year-review.
Ref. 2 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2017 Year in Review (Washington, D.C.: Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), March 15, 2018), https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2017-year-review.
Ref. 3 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2017 Year in Review.
Ref. 4 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2018 Q3 (Washington, D.C.: Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), September 13, 2018), https://www.seia.org/us-solar-market-insight.
Ref. 5 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2017 Year in Review.
Ref. 6 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2017 (Washington, D.C.: EIA, April 2017), https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/pdf/epm.pdf.
Ref. 7 Feldman, D.; Boff, B.; Margolis, R.; Q3/Q4 2016 Solar Industry Update (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), December 21, 2016), https://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/q3q4-2016-presentation-solar-industry-update.
Ref. 8 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Indian Energy, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2015), https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/help/html-php/nomobilewarning.html.
Ref. 9 DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Solar Energy Technologies Office, The Sunshot Initiative (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2018), https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/sunshot-initiative.
Ref. 10 DOE EERE, Photovoltaics Research and Development (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2017), https://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/photovoltaics-research-and-development.
Ref. 11 Barbose, G.; Darghouth, N.; et al, Tracking the Sun: Installed Price Trends for Distributed Photovoltaic Systems in the United States 2018 Edition (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, September 2018), https://emp.lbl.gov/tracking-the-sun/?utm_source=newsletter111&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Constant%20Contact.
Ref. 12 DOE EERE, Soft Costs (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2017), https://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/soft-costs.
Ref. 13 DOE, Soft Costs (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2017), https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/05/f32/SC%20Fact%20Sheet-508.pdf.
Ref. 14 SEIA, Concentrating Solar Power (Washington, D.C.: SEIA, 2017), http://www.seia.org/policy/solar-technology/concentrating-solar-power.
Ref. 15 The Solar Foundation (TSF), National Solar Jobs Census 2017 (Washington, D.C.: The Solar Foundation, February 7, 2018), https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/.
Ref. 16 TSF, National Solar Jobs Census 2017
Ref. 17 TSF, National Solar Jobs Census 2017.
Ref. 18 Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE), Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC) (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center (NCCETC), February 20, 2017), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/658.
Ref. 19 DSIRE, Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, March 17, 2017), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/1235.
Ref. 20 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), What FERC Does (Washington, D.C.: FERC, 2017), https://www.ferc.gov/about/ferc-does.asp.
Ref. 21 United States International Trade Commission, Crystalline Silicone Photovoltaic Cells (Whether or Not Partially or Fully Assembled into Other Products New Release (Washington, D.C.: U.S. ITC, September 22, 2017), https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2017/er0922ll832.htm.
Ref. 22 Executive Office of the President of the United States, Section 201 Cases: Imported Large Residential Washing Machines and Imported Solar Cells and Modules Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: January 22, 2018), https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/fs/201%20Cases%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf.
Ref. 23 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary Q3 2018 (Washington, D.C.: SEIA, September 13, 2018), https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2018-q3.
Ref. 24 Perea, A.; Honeyman, C.; et al, U.S. Solar Market Insight: Executive Summary, 2017 Year in Review.
Ref. 25 Trudeau, L., DG Interconnection and Net Metering (St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of Energy Resources, March 1, 2012), http://fyi.uwex.edu/mrec/files/2012/06/TRUDEAU-MREC-DG-Interconnection-and-net-metering.pdf.
Ref. 26 DSIRE, Programs: Net Metering (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, 2017), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?type=37&.
Ref. 27 Pyper, J., Georgia Power’s Rooftop Solar Program Signs Up Only 5 Customers (Boston, MA: Greentech Media (GTM), June 17, 2016), https://www.greentechmedia.com/sections/read/Georgia-Powers-Rooftop-Solar-Program-Signs-Up-Only-Five-Customers.
Ref. 28 DSIRE, Customer Credits for Monthly Net Excess Generation (NEG) Under Net Metering (Raleigh, NC: NCCRETC, 2016), http://ncsolarcen-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/NEG-1.20161.pdf.
Ref. 29 SEIA, U.S. Solar Market Insight (Washington, D.C.: SEIA, March 9, 2017), http://www.seia.org/research-resources/us-solar-market-insight.
Ref. 30 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2017 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, January 2018), https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Q4-17_SolarExecSummary_Final.pdf.
Ref. 31 Proudlove, A. personal communication (June 9, 2017).
Ref. 32 Nevada Senate Bill 374 (2015), https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/78th2015/Bills/SB/SB374_EN.pdf.
Ref. 33 Public Utilities Commission of Nevada, Docket No. 16-07028 (September 14, 2016), http://pucweb1.state.nv.us/PDF/AXImages/Agendas/17-16/6632.pdf.
Ref. 34 Arizona Public Service, ACC Approves APS Rate Review Agreement Press Release (Phoenix, AZ: APS, August 15, 2017), https://www.aps.com/en/ourcompany/news/latestnews/Pages/acc-approves-aps-rate-review-agreement.aspx. Arizona Corporation Commission Docket Numbers E-01345A-16-0036 and E-01345A-16-0123 (July 26, 2017), http://docket.images.azcc.gov/0000181588.pdf.
Ref. 35 Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, Docked No. 2014-0192, Order No. 33258 (October 12, 2015), http://dms.puc.hawaii.gov/dms/DocumentViewer?pid=A1001001A15J13B15422F90464.
Ref. 36 Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, HPUC Expands Options for Customers to Install Rooftop Solar and Energy Storage Press Release (Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, October 20, 2017), https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/Documents/clean_energy_hawaii/producing_clean_energy/20171020_hawaii_PUC_rooftop_solar_and_storage_press_release.pdf.
Ref. 37 California Public Utilities Commission, Docket R. 14-08-013, California’s Distributed Resources Plan (May 2, 2016), http://drpwg.org/sample-page/drp/.
Ref. 38 New York Department of Public Service, Staff Report and Recommendations in the Value of Distributed Energy Resources Proceeding (Albany, NY: Department of Public Service, October 27, 2016), https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Programs/Clean-Energy-Standard/Staff-Report-Recommendations-Value-Distributed-Energy-Resources.pdf.
Ref. 39 New York Department of Public Service, Staff Report and Recommendations in the Value of Distributed Energy Resources Proceeding (Albany, NY: Department of Public Service, October 27, 2016), https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Programs/Clean-Energy-Standard/Staff-Report-Recommendations-Value-Distributed-Energy-Resources.pdf.
Ref. 40 New York Public Service Commission, Case 15-E-0751 (March 9, 2017), https://s3.amazonaws.com/dive_static/paychek/15-E-0751_VDER_Order___final_1.pdf.
Ref. 41 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, VDER Resources (Albany, NY: NYSERDA, Updated August 2018), https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/All%20Programs/Programs/NY%20Sun/Contractors/Value%20of%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources
Ref. 42 Vermont Senate Bill 214 (2012), http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Acts/ACT170.pdf.
Ref. 43 Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, Feed-in Tariff Portal (Raleigh, NC: DSIRE, updated April 9, 2018), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?type=92&.
Ref. 44 Minnesota Department of Commerce, Minnesota Value of Solar: Methodology (Saint Paul, MN: Department of Commerce, April 4, 2014), https://mn.gov/commerce/policy-data-reports/energy-data-reports/?id=17-81656.
Ref. 46 Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, Docket No. 2015-0389 (February 10, 2017), http://puc.hawaii.gov/.
Barbose, G., Putting the Potential Rate Impacts of Distributed Solar into Context (Berkeley: LBNL, January 2017), https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/putting-potential-rate-impacts.
Ref. 47 Schwartz, L., Rate Design: Trends and Perspectives (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, August 7, 2016), http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/energy/ESTF_Schwartz_present_8_16.pdf.
Ref. 48 Ibid.
Ref. 49 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2017 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary.
Ref. 50 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B., et al, 50 States of Solar: Q1 2018 Quarterly Report Executive Summary (Raleigh, N.C.: NCCETC, April 2018), https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Q1-18_SolarExecSummary_Final.pdf.
Ref. 51 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q2 2018 Quarterly Report Executive Summary (Raleigh, N.C.: NCCETC, July 2018), https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Q2-18_SolarExecSummary_Final.pdf.
Ref. 52 Schwartz, L., Rate Design: Trends and Perspectives.
Ref. 53 Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, PUC Opens Proceeding to Investigate Performance-Based Regulation for the Hawaiian Electric Companies News Release (Honolulu, HI: Hawaii PUC, April 18, 2018), http://puc.hawaii.gov/main/puc-opens-pbr-investigation/.
Hawaiian Electric, Regulators Approve New Program to Reward Customers for Sharing Control of Energy Use Press Release (Honolulu, HI: HECO, February 2, 2018), https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/regulators-approve-new-program-to-reward-customers-for-sharing-control-of-energy-use.
Ref. 54 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2016 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary.
Ref. 55 Durkay, J.; Cleveland, M., State Policies for Low- and Moderate-Income Customer Access to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (Denver, CO: NCSL, November 16, 2016), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=30838.
Ref. 56 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2017 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary.
Ref. 57 Ibid.
Ref. 58 Schwartz, L., Rate Design: Trends and Perspectives.
Ref. 59 Ibid.
Ref. 60 Proudlove, A., personal communication (June 9, 2017).
Ref. 61 NARUC Staff Subcommittee on Rate Design, Distributed Energy Resources Rate Design and Compensation (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, 2016), http://pubs.naruc.org/pub/19FDF48B-AA57-5160-DBA1-BE2E9C2F7EA0.
Ref. 62 Chitkara, A.; Cross-Call, D.; et al, A Review of Alternative Rate Designs: Industry Experience with Time-Based and Demand Charge Rates for Mass-Market Customers (Boulder, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, May 2016), http://www.rmi.org/alternative_rate_designs.
Ref. 63 NARUC Staff Subcommittee on Rate Design, Distributed Energy Resources Rate Design and Compensation.
Ref. 64 Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2016 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary. Proudlove, A.; Lips, B.; et al, 50 States of Solar: Q4 2017 Quarterly Report & Annual Review Executive Summary.
Ref. 65 Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities Docket Number 17-05, https://eeaonline.eea.state.ma.us/DPU/Fileroom/dockets/bynumber.
Ref. 66 Massachusetts House Bill 4857 (2018), https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/H4857.
Ref. 67 Schwartz, L., Rate Design: Trends and Perspectives.
Ref. 68 TXU Energy, TXU Energy Free Nights & Solar Days Brings Together Two Great Things in One Great Place (Dallas, TX: TXU Energy, May 4, 2017), https://www.txu.com/en/about/press-releases/2017/20170504-txu-energy-free-nights-solar-days-launch.aspx
Ref. 69 California Public Utilities Commission, Docket R. 12-06-013 (June 21, 2012), http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M153/K024/153024891.PDF.
Ref. 70 St. John, J.; With Net Metering Secure, California Solar Now Faces Uncertainty from Time-of-Use Changes (Boston, MA: GTM, February 16, 2017), https://www.greentechmedia.com/sections/read/with-net-metering-secure-california-solar-now-faces-threat-from-time-of-use.
Ref. 71 Navigant Consulting Inc., RFP Under the SREC-Based Financing SREC-II Program (Navigant Consulting Inc.), https://njsolarprogram.com/.
Ref. 72 New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJPBU), Press Release: New Jersey Board of Public Utilities Approved Proposed Rule Phasing Out Solar Renewable Energy Credits as Required by Law (Trenton, NJ: NJBPU, June 22, 2018), https://nj.gov/bpu/pdf/announcements/2018/20180622srec.pdf.
Ref. 73 New Jersey Assembly Bill 3723 (2018) https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2018/Bills/PL18/17_.PDF
Ref. 74 Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target (SMART) Final Program Design (Boston, MA: Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, January 31, 2017), http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/doer/rps-aps/final-program-design-1-31-17.pdf.
Ref. 75 Nev. Rev. Stat. §701A.300 et seq., https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-701A.html#NRS701ASec300.
Ref. 76 DSIRE, Rebate Programs (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, 2017), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?type=88&.
Ref. 77 MD. Ann. Code art. 9, §20B-01 et seq., http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmStatutesText.aspx?section=gsg§ion=9-20B-01&ext=html&session=2015RS&tab=subject5.
Ref. 78 Ibid.
Ref. 79 O-Shaughnessy, E.; Liu, C; Heeter, J., Status and Trends in the U.S. Voluntary Green Power Market (2015 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL, October 2016), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67147.pdf. O-Shaughnessy, E.; Liu, C; Heeter, J., Status and Trends in the U.S. Voluntary Green Power Market (2016 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL, October 2017), https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70174.pdf.
Ref. 80 Ibid.
Ref. 81 N.M. Stat. §6-21D-1 et seq.
Ref. 82 Utah Code Ann. §11-17-1 et seq., https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title11/Chapter17/11-17.html?v=C11-17_1800010118000101.
Ref. 83 Chwastyk, D.; Leader, J.; Cramer, J; et al., Community Solar: Program Design Models (Washington, D.C.: Smart Electric Power Alliance (formerly the Solar Electric Power Association) and Coalition for Community Solar Access 2018). https://sepapower.org/resource/community-solar-program-designs-2018-version/
Ref. 84 Heibel, J.; Durkay, J., State Policies for Power Purchase Agreements (Denver, CO: NCSL, July 10, 2015), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=29534.
Ref. 85 Eckhouse, B., Want to Sell More Wind, Solar Power? Find Corporate Buyers (New York, NY: Bloomberg Markets, March 10, 2017), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/sections/2017-03-10/want-to-sell-more-wind-and-solar-power-find-a-corporate-buyer.
Ref. 86 Bloomberg NEF, Corporations Already Purchased Record Clean Energy Volumes in 2018, and It’s Not an Anomaly ( New York, NY: August 9, 2018), https://about.bnef.com/blog/corporations-already-purchased-record-clean-energy-volumes-2018-not-anomaly/.
Ref. 87 Ibid.
Ref. 88 Proudlove, A., personal communication (June 13, 2017).
Ref. 89 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Understanding Third-Party Ownership Financing Structures for Renewable Energy (Washington, D.C.: EPA, 2017), https://www.epa.gov/repowertoolbox/understanding-third-party-ownership-financing-structures-renewable-energy.
Ref. 90 NCCETC, 3rd Party Solar PV Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, March 2018), http://ncsolarcen-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/DSIRE_3rd-Party-PPA_March_2018.pdf
Ref. 91 Mond, A., U.S. Residential Solar Finance Update: H1 2018 (Boston, MA: GTM Research, April 2018), https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/us-residential-solar-finance-update-h1-2018?utm_source=launch1&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=solarfinanceQ218#gs.VioYB8g.
Ref. 92 Ibid.
Ref. 93 Munsell, M., Share of Third-Party-Owned Systems at Record-Low Levels in US Residential Solar (Boston, MA: GTM, May 1, 2018), https://www.greentechmedia.com/sections/read/share-of-third-party-owned-systems-at-record-low-levels-in-us-resident#gs.tH8MkFo.
Ref. 94 Chwastyk, D.; Leader, J.;Cramer, J; et al., Community Solar: Program Design Models.
Ref. 95 Mond, A., U.S. Residential Solar Finance Update: H1 2018.
Ref. 96 SEIA, Solar Power Purchase Agreements (Washington, D.C.: SEIA, 2017), http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-power-purchase-agreements.
Ref. 97 PSE&G, PSE&G’s Solar Loan Program (Newark, NJ: PSE&G, 2017),https://www.pseg.com/home/save/solar/home.jsp.
Ref. 98 Heeter, J., personal communication, June 9, 2017.
Ref. 99 Heibel, J.; Durkay, J., State Policies for Power Purchase Agreements. Interstate Renewable Energy Council, State Shared Renewable Energy Program Catalog (Lantham, NY: IREC, 2017), http://www.irecusa.org/regulatory-reform/shared-renewables/state-shared-renewable-energy-program-catalog/. Heeter, J., personal communication, June 9, 2017.
Ref. 100 Jones, T.; Additionality and Renewable Energy Certificates (San Francisco, CA: Center for Resource Solutions (CRS), 2016), https://resource-solutions.org/document/additionality-renewable-energy-certificates/.
Jones, T.; How Renewable Energy Certificates Make a Difference (San Francisco, CA: CRS, 2016), https://resource-solutions.org/document/030716/.
Jones, T.; Quarrier, R.; Kelty, M., The Legal Basis for Renewable Energy Certificates (San Francisco, CA: CRS, 2015), https://resource-solutions.org/document/the-legal-basis-for-renewable-energy-certificates/.
Ref. 101 Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), Energy (Helena, MT: MQEQ, 2017), http://deq.mt.gov/Energy/Renewable/altenergyloan.
Ref. 102 National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO), Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) (Arlington, VA: NASEO, 2017), http://www.naseo.org/financing-resources-pace.
Ref. 103 TSF, CivicPACE Project Profile: Phyllis Wheatley YWCA (Washington, D.C.: the Solar Foundation, 2015), http://civicpace.org.
Ref. 104 PACENation, PACE Programs Near You (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation, 2018), http://pacenation.us/pace-programs/.
Ref. 105 PACENation, 2017 C-PACE Economic, Energy, and Environmental Impact Report (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation 2017), http://pacenation.us/c-pace-annual-impact-report/.
Ref. 106 PACENation, Largest PACE-financed Ag project in U.S. completed (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation, 2016), http://pacenation.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/MoonRidge-case-study.pdf.
Ref. 107 PACENation, 2017 C-PACE Economic, Energy, and Environmental Impact Report.
Ref. 108 U.S. Department of Energy Better Buildings Solution Center, Commercial PACE Financing For Seton Medical Seismic Retrofits (Washington, D.C.; U.S. DOE), https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/implementation-models/commercial-pace-financing-seton-medical-seismic-retrofits.
Ref. 109 PACENation, C-PACE One-Pager (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation, 2017), http://pacenation.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2017.08.28-C-PACE-onepager.pdf.
Ref. 110 Fazeli, S., Accelerating the Commercial Pace Market: Statewide Programs and State Energy Office Participation in Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Financing (Arlington, VA: National Association of State Energy Officials, April 2016), http://naseo.org/data/sites/1/documents/publications/CLEAN_Master%20NASEO%20PACE%20Memo%202016-5-18%20FINAL.pdf.
Ref. 111 DOE EERE, Property-Assessed Clean Energy Programs (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2017), https://energy.gov/eere/slsc/property-assessed-clean-energy-programs.
Ref. 112 PACENation, Residential PACE Near You, (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation, accessed September 19, 2018), http://pacenation.us/pace-programs/residential.
Ref. 113 PACENation, PACE Market Data: Residential PACE (Pleasantville, NY; PACENation, accessed September 19, 2018), http://pacenation.us/pace-market-data/.
Ref. 114 NASEO, State Energy Loan Funds (Arlington, VA: NASEO, 2016), http://www.naseo.org/Data/Sites/1/state-energy-loan-fund-two-pager.pdf.
Ref. 115 NASEO, State Energy Financing Programs (Arlington, VA: NASEO, 2017), http://www.naseo.org/state-energy-financing-programs.
Ref. 116 Durkay, J. On-Bill Financing: Cost-Free Energy Efficiency Improvements (Denver, CO: NCSL: April 7, 2015), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=28179.
Ref. 117 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), On-Bill Energy Efficiency (Washington, D.C.; ACEEE, 2016), http://aceee.org/sector/state-policy/toolkit/on-bill-financing.
Ref. 118 DOE EERE, On-Bill Financing and Repayment Programs (Washington, D.C.: DOE, 2017), https://energy.gov/eere/slsc/bill-financing-and-repayment-programs.
Ref. 119 Alaska House Bill 374 (2018), http://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/30?Hsid=HB0374Z.
Ref. 120 Environmental and Energy Study Institute, Interactive Map of Utilities with On-Bill Financing Programs (Washington, D.C.: Environmental and Energy Study Institute, accessed September 19, 2018), https://www.eesi.org/obf/map.
Ref. 121 Durkay, J, Finding Financing Solutions with Energy Banks (Denver, CO: NCSL, 2014), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=28825.
Ref. 122 Muro, M.; Devashree, S.; et al, State Clean Energy Finance Banks: New Investment Facilities for Clean Energy Deployment (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings-Rockefeller Project on State and Metropolitan Innovation, September 12, 2012), http://www.cleanegroup.org/assets/Uploads/State-Clean-Energy-Banks-Sept2012.pdf.
Ref. 123 New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU), News Release: NJ Energy Resilience Bank Now Accepting Applications (Trenton, NJ: NJBPU, October 12, 2014), http://www.state.nj.us/bpu/newsroom/announcements/pdf/20141020_erb_press.pdf.
Ref. 124 Davidson, C., Third Party Solar: Overview, Landscape, Pros/Cons.
Ref. 125 Stukel, L.; Hoen, B.; et al, Capturing the Sun: A Roadmap for Navigating Data-Access Challenges and Auto-Populating Solar Home Sales Listings (Berkeley, CA: LBNL, 2016), https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-1006628.pdf.
Elevate Energy, Solar and Real Estate (Chicago, IL: Elevate Energy, 2017), http://www.elevateenergy.org/value-high-performance-homes-campaign/solar-real-estate/.
Ref. 126 Pyper, J., Nevada’s New Solar Law Is About Much More Than Net Metering (Boston, MA: GTM, June 16, 2017), https://www.greentechmedia.com/sections/read/nevadas-new-solar-law-is-about-much-more-than-net-metering?utm_source=Solar&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_campaign=GTMSolar.
Ref. 127 Florida Senate Bill 90 (2017), https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2017/00090.
Ref. 189 Drehobl, A.; Ross, L., Lifting the High Energy Burden in America’s Largest Cities: How Energy Efficiency Can Improve Low-Income and Undeserved Communities (Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, April 20, 2016), http://aceee.org/research-report/u1602.
Ref. 129 Ross, L.; Drehobl, A.; and Stickles, B., The High Cost fo Energy in Rural America: Household Energy Burdens and Opportunities for Energy Efficiency (Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficiency Economy, July 18, 2018), http://aceee.org/research-report/u1806.
Ref. 130 Paulos, B., Bringing the Benefits of Solar to Low-Income Consumers (Montpelier, VT: CESA, May 15, 2017), http://cesa.org/resource-library/resource/bringing-the-benefits-of-solar-energy-to-low-income-consumers.
Ref. 131 Mueller, J.; Ronen, A., Bridging the Solar income Gap (Washington, D.C.: George Washington Solar Institute, 2015), http://solar.gwu.edu/research/bridging-solar-income-gap.
Ref. 132 Paulos, B., Bringing the Benefits of Solar to Low-Income Consumers (Montpelier, VT: CESA, May 15, 2017), http://cesa.org/resource-library/resource/bringing-the-benefits-of-solar-energy-to-low-income-consumers.
Ref. 133 Durkay, J., On-Bill Financing: Cost-Free Energy-Efficiency Improvements (Denver, CO: NCSL, April 7, 2015), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=28179. Qiu, S.; Durkay, J., PACE Financing (Denver, CO: NCSL, January 26, 2016), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=28614.
Ref. 134 Durkay, J., Finding Financing Solutions with State Energy Banks (Denver, CO: NCSL, December 4, 2014), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=28825.
Ref. 135 Energize NY, Financing for Homeowners (Yorktown Heights, NY: Energize NY), http://energizeny.org/details_financing.
Ref. 136 Massachusetts Clean Energy Center; Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER), Mass Solar Loan Home Page (Boston, MA: Massachusetts Clean Energy Center, Massachusetts DOER), http://www.masssolarloan.com/.
Ref. 137 California Energy Commission (CEC) and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), The California Solar Initiative—CSI (Sacramento, CA: CEC and CPUC), http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/csi/index.php.
Ref. 138 California Energy Commission (CEC) and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), Single Family Affordable Solar Housing (SASH) (Sacramento, CA: CEC and CPUC), http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/affordable/sash.php.
Ref. 139 U.S. DOE, Weatherization Assistance Program (Washington, D.C.: U.S. DOE), https://energy.gov/eere/wipo/weatherization-assistance-program.
Ref. 140 Cleveland, M., State Policies for Shared Renewable Energy (Denver, CO: NCSL, April 19, 2017), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=31164. Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC), Shared Renewable Energy for Low- to Moderate-income Consumers: Policy Guidelines and Model Provisions (Latham, NY: IREC, March 29, 2016), http://www.irecusa.org/2016/03/how-to-bring-shared-renewables-to-low-moderate-income-consumers/.
Ref. 141 Feldman, D.; Brockway, A.; et al., Shared Solar: Current Landscape, Market Potential, and the Impact of Federal Securities Regulation (Golden, CO: NREL, April 2015), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63892.pdf.
Ref. 142 California Senate Bill 43 (2013), http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB43.
Ref. 143 Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA), Grand Valley Power’s Low-Income Community Solar Program Version 2 (Washington, D.C.: SEPA, August 1, 2015), https://sepapower.org/knowledge/research/.
Ref. 144 New York Public Service Commission (PSC), Case No. 15-E-0082 (July 17, 2015), http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/Common/ViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=%7B76520435-25ED-4B84-8477-6433CE88DA86%7D.
Ref. 145 NYSERDA, Community Distributed Generation: Overview for Project Developers (Albany, NY: NYSERDA), https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/NYSun/files/Contractor-Resources/Community-Distributed-Generation-Project-Developers.pdf.
Ref. 146 New York PSC, Case No. 15-E-0082 (August 15, 2016), http://www3.dps.ny.gov/W/PSCWeb.nsf/ca7cd46b41e6d01f0525685800545955/8a75b07f45e1672485257edd00602d7c/$FILE/15-E-0082%20Low%20Income%20Collaborative%20Report%208-15-16.pdf.
Ref. 147 Maryland Public Service Commission, Docket No. RM56 (November 12, 2015), http://www.psc.state.md.us/search-results/?keyword=RM56&x.x=20&x.y=10&search=all&search=rulemaking.
Ref. 148 Milligan, M.; Ela, E.; et al, Cost-Causation and Integration Cost Analysis for Variable Generation (Golden, CO: NREL, June 2011), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/51860.pdf.
Ref. 149 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Solar Energy Gets Boost From New Forecasting System (Boulder, CO: UCAR, August 23, 2016), https://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/news/122429/solar-energy-gets-boost-new-forecasting-system.
Ref. 150 New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), Solar Impact on Grid Operations- An Initial Assessment (Rensselaer, NY: NYISO, June 30, 2016), http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/markets_operations/services/planning/Documents_and_Resources/Special_Studies/Special_Studies_Documents/Solar%20Integration%20Study%20Report%20Final%20063016.pdf.
Ref. 151 Brown, C., States Get Smart: Encouraging and Regulating Smart Grid Technologies (Denver, CO: NCSL, July 2013), http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=26560.
Ref. 152 Minn. Stat. §216B.16, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=216B.16.
Ref. 153 R.I. Gen. Laws §39-1-27.7, http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE39/39-1/39-1-27.7.HTM.
Ref. 154 https://www.woodmac.com/our-expertise/focus/Power--Renewables/us-energy-storage-monitor-q3-2018/
Ref. 155 https://www.mass.gov/service-details/energy-storage-target
Ref. 156 U.S. Department of Energy, Soft Costs (Washington, D.C.: U.S. DOE EERE), https://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/soft-costs.
Ref. 157 U.S. Department of Energy, Soft Costs Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C.: U.S. DOE SunShot Initiative, May 2016), https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/05/f32/SC%20Fact%20Sheet-508.pdf.
Ref. 158 Barnes, C.; Barnes, J.; et al., Comparing Utility Interconnection Timelines for Small-Scale Solar PV (Cary, NC: EQ Research, October, 2016), http://eq-research.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/EQ-Interconnection-Timelines-2016.pdf.
Ref. 159 Burkhardt, J.; Wiser, R.; et al., How Much Do Local Regulations Matter? Exploring the Impact of Permitting and Local Regulatory Processes on PV Prices in the United States (Berkeley, CA: LBNL, September, 2014), https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/how-much-do-local-regulations-matter.
Ref. 160 California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Solar Permitting Guidebook: Improving Permit Review and Approval for Small Solar Systems, Third Edition (Sacramento, CA: Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, Winter, 2017), https://energycenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/nav/policy/research-and-reports/Solar_Permitting_Guidebook_2017.pdf.
Ref. 161 Rhode Island House Bill 5575 (2017), http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText17/HouseText17/H5575.pdf. Rhode Island Senate Bill 562 (2017), http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText17/SenateText17/S0562.pdf.
Ref. 162 Massachusetts Public Act Chapter 209 (2012), https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2012/Chapter209.
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, Order No. 11-75-E (March 13, 2013), http://massdg.raabassociates.org/Articles/DPU%2011-75-E-3-13-13.pdf.
Ref. 163 California Assembly Bill 1801 (2012), http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_1801-1850/ab_1801_bill_20120925_chaptered.html.
Ref. 164 California Senate Bill 1222 (2012), http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_1201-1250/sb_1222_bill_20120927_chaptered.html.
Ref. 165 Mississippi Public Service Commission, Docket No. 2011-Ad-2 (2015), http://www.psc.state.ms.us/InsiteConnect/InSiteView.aspx?model=INSITE_CONNECT&queue=CTS_ARCHIVEQ&docid=362179.
Ref. 166 The authors would like to thank the Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) for their contribution to this section.
Argetsinger, B.; Inskeep, B., Standards and Requirements for Solar Equipment, Installation, and Licensing and Certification: A Guide for States and Municipalities (Montpelier, VT: CESA, 2017), http://cesa.org/resource-library/resource/standards-and-requirements-for-solar-equipment-installation-and-licensing-and-certification-a-guide-for-states-and-municipalities.
Ref. 167 Oregon Building Codes Division (OBCD), Oregon Solar Installation Specialty Code (Salem, OR: Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services (ODCBS), October 1, 2010), http://oregonhba.com.s163554.gridserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Oregon-Solar-installation-code.pdf.
Ref. 168 OBCD, Oregon Solar Installation Specialty Code: Checklist for Prescriptive Photovoltaic Installations (Salem, OR: OCDBS, n.d.), https://www.oregon.gov/bcd/Formslibrary/4910.pdf.
Ref. 169 California Energy Commission, Business Meeting Agenda (Sacramento, CA: CEC May 9, 2018), http://www.energy.ca.gov/business_meetings/2018_agendas/2018-05-09_agenda.pdf.
California Energy Commission, Docket Number 17-BSTD-02, http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf.
Ref. 170 Lancaster, CA Code of Ordinances § 17.08.305, https://www.municode.com/library/ca/lancaster/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT17ZO_CH17.08REZO_ARTVSOWIALENUS_17.08.305IMSOENSY.
Ref. 171 Santa Monica Municipal Code Article 8, Ch. 8.106.055 § 4.201.4,http://www.qcode.us/codes/santamonica/.
Ref. 172 San Francisco Board of Supervisors Ordinance 160154 (April 19, 2016), https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=4399794&GUID=FE220DFF-2C3F-4F0B-8C9B-39F1A61039F2.
Ref. 173 Sebastopol Code of Ordinances § 15.72,http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Sebastopol/.
Ref. 174 City of Tuscon, Mayor & Council Communication: Residential Solar Readiness Ordinance (Citywide) No. 10549 (Tucson, AZ: City of Tuscon, June 17, 2008), https://www.tucsonaz.gov/files/pdsd/pdfs/GreenBuilding/june17-08-311.pdf.
Ref. 175 California Energy Commission (CEC), Integrated Energy Policy Report: 2007 (Sacramento, CA: CEC, 2007), http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007publications/CEC-100-2007-008/CEC-100-2007-008-CMF.PDF.
Ref. 176 Grant, C., Fire Fighter Safety and Emergency Response for Solar Power Systems (Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, October 2013), http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/research-reports/for-emergency-responders/fireground-operations/fire-fighter-safety-and-response-for-solar-power-systems.
Ref. 177 Argetsinger, B.; Inskeep, B., Standards and Requirements for Solar Equipment, Installation, and Licensing and Certification: A Guide for States and Municipalities.
Ref. 178 Cantwell, R., Boulder Compromise on PV Setbacks in 2012 International Fire Code (Boulder, CO: Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association, n.d.), http://solarcommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/fire_code_compromise.pdf.
Ref. 179 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), NEC Adoption Maps (Quincy, MA: NFPA, updated September 1, 2018), https://www.nfpa.org/NEC/NEC-adoption-and-use/NEC-adoption-maps.
Ref. 180 The authors would like to thank the Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) for their contribution to this section.
Argetsinger, B.; Inskeep, B., Standards and Requirements for Solar Equipment, Installation, and Licensing and Certification: A Guide for States and Municipalities (Montpelier, VT: CESA, 2017), http://cesa.org/resource-library/resource/standards-and-requirements-for-solar-equipment-installation-and-licensing-and-certification-a-guide-for-states-and-municipalities.
Ref. 181 DSIRE, Solar/Wind Contractor Licensing Summary Table (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, accessed September 2018), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?type=20&.
Ref. 182 New York Assembly Bill 1256 (2017, proposed), https://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A01256&term=2017.
Ref. 183 DSIRE, Solar/Wind Access Policy (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, 2018), http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/tables.
Ref. 184 Weckend, S. ; Wade, A. ; Heath, G., End-of-Life Management: Solar Photovoltaic Panels (Abu Dhabi, UAE: International Renewable Energy Agency, June 2016), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_IEAPVPS_End-of-Life_Solar_PV_Panels_2016.pdf.
Ref. 185 NCCETC, Working Paper: State Regulation of Solar Decommissioning (Raleigh, NC: NCCETC, February 2016), https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Solar-Decommissioning-Policy-Working-Paper.pdf.
Ref. 186 NCCETC, Working Paper: State Regulation of Solar Decommissioning.
Ref. 187 California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Proposed Standards for the Management of Hazardous Waste Solar Modules (Sacramento, CA: California Department of Toxic Substances Control, February 5, 2014), https://www.dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/Regs/Reg_Exempt_HW_Solar_Panels.cfm.
Ref. 188 New York Senate Bill 2837 (2017, proposed), https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2017/S2837; New York Assembly Bill 7757 (2017, proposed), https://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A07757&term=2017.