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State
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Authority
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Violation
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Enforcement
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Alabama
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Ala. Code § 22-11A-3
When a state or county health officer is notified of a person with a notifiable disease, the officer shall, at their discretion, isolate or quarantine the person in accordance with the rules adopted by the State Board of Health.
Ala. Code §22-12-4
The governor or the state board of health can proclaim a quarantine when deemed necessary.
Ala. Code §22-12-12
Upon the recommendation of a county board of health, and subject to approval of the state board of health, quarantine may be proclaimed by a county.
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Ala. Code § 22-11A-6
A physician or other person who has knowledge of a case of a notifiable disease or health condition and refuses to make a report as required by the state board of health shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
Ala. Code § 22-12-29
Any quarantine officer, guard or other person who violates the provisions of quarantine in this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Ala. Code § 22-12-4
When the governor or state board of health proclaims a quarantine, the board of health shall enforce such quarantine.
Ala. Code § 22-12-13
When quarantine has been proclaimed for a county, incorporated city or town, its enforcement shall be entrusted to the health officer of the county, city or town, and the administration shall be subject to the approval of the board of health of the county.
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Alaska
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Alaska Stat. §18.15.385
The department of health may isolate or quarantine an individual or group if it is the least restrictive alternative necessary.
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Alaska Stat. § 18.15.385
Anyone who knowingly violates a regulation pertaining to quarantine or isolation is guilty of a class B misdemeanor and anyone who intentionally violates such a regulation is guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
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Alaska Stat. § 18.15.385
The department of health shall obtain a court order unless the individual consents to quarantine or isolation. A state medical officer may issue an emergency administrative order to temporarily isolate or quarantine an individual or group which is enforceable by any peace officer in the state.
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Arizona
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Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 36.787
A state of emergency can be proclaimed by the governor, including for an epidemic, and with the state director of health services may issue isolation and quarantine orders.
§ 36.624
When a county health department or public health services district investigation reveals an infectious disease exists, they may adopt quarantine consistent with § 36.788-789.
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Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 36.788-789
The department of health or local health authority should require isolation or quarantine by the least restrictive means necessary by written court order unless there is an urgent threat to public health.
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Arkansas
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Ark. Stat. § 20-7-109
The state board of health has authority for quarantine and isolation. A patient should not be removed from their home if treatment can be performed with reasonable safety to public health.
Ark. Stat. § 14-262-101-109
County of district health departments have authority to establish quarantine or isolation when necessary for public health.
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Ark. Stat. § 14-262-101
Every firm, person or corporation violating any provisions of this chapter or any orders, rules, or regulations shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Ark. Stat. § 20-7-109
The State Board of Health has authority for enforcement of quarantine and isolation.
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California
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Cal. Health & Safety Code § 120195
Local health officers must enforce quarantine orders issued by the state department of health.
Cal. Health & Safety Code § 120215
Each health officer shall ensure local rules, regulations and orders are followed in carrying out quarantine or isolation declared by the state department of health.
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Cal. Health & Safety Code § 120275
Any person who violates or who, upon the demand of any health officer, refuses or neglects to conform to, any rule, order, or regulation prescribed by the department respecting a quarantine is guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Cal. Health & Safety Code § 120280
Any person violating a quarantine order may be ordered by the court to be confined until the order has been complied with but not exceeding one year from the date of conviction.
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Colorado
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Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-1-506
Each county or district public health agency has the duty to establish, maintain and enforce isolation and quarantine for the people within the jurisdiction of the agency as the agency finds necessary to protect public health.
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-1.5-102
The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment has the power and duty to investigate and control the causes of epidemic and communicable diseases affecting the public.
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Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-1-516
It is unlawful for any person, association or corporation to willfully violate, disobey or disregard the provisions of public health laws or the terms of a notice or order, and such a violation represents a class 2 misdemeanor.
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Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-1-506
Each county or district public health agency has the duty to establish, maintain and enforce isolation and quarantine.
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Connecticut
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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 368a-19a-131a
In the event of a statewide or regional health emergency, the governor may authorize the public health commission to quarantine or isolate individuals suspected as being infected or exposed. Quarantine is only appropriate if it is the least restrictive option to protect public health.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 368e-19a-221
Any town, city, borough or district director of health can issue a quarantine or isolation order if necessary to protect public health.
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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 368a-19a-131a
Anyone who violates the provisions of a quarantine order or obstructs those tasked with carrying it out shall be fined no more than $1,000 and/or imprisoned for no more than a year.
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Conn. Gen. Stat. § 368a-19a-131b
The public health commissioner must issue an order for quarantine. The order shall be effective for not more than 20 days and must inform the individual they have the right to a hearing.
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Delaware
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Del. Code Tit. 16 § 505
Quarantine or isolation may be required for persons who have contracted certain communicable diseases identified by the division of public health.
Del. Code Tit. 20 § 3136
During a state of emergency, the public safety authority may require isolation or quarantine of any person, by the least restrictive means, to protect public health.
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Del. Code Tit. 20 § 3136
The public safety authority shall petition the superior court for an order authorizing isolation or quarantine. The authority may isolate or quarantine a person without obtaining an order if a physician determines that any delay with pose an immediate danger to public health.
A person isolated or quarantined may request a court hearing.
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Florida
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Fla. Stat. § 381.00315
The state health officer is responsible for declaring public health emergencies, issuing public health advisories and ordering isolation or quarantines.
If an individual poses a danger to public health, the state health officer may subject the individual to isolation or quarantine.
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Fla. Stat. § 381.00315
Any order of the state health officer upon declaration of a public health emergency is immediately enforceable by law enforcement.
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Georgia
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Ga. Code § 31-12-4
The department of health and county boards of health may require isolation of persons with communicable diseases or conditions likely to endanger the health of others.
§ 31-2A-4
The department of health may isolate and treat persons afflicted with a communicable disease and establish complete or modified quarantine, surveillance or isolation of persons and animals exposed to a disease.
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Ga. Code § 31-5-8
Anyone violating the provisions of the title shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Ga. Code § 31-5-9
If a person violates an order of the health department or county board of health, the department or county board of health can seek injunctive relief in any court of competent jurisdiction and the violation of that order would be punishable as for contempt of court.
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Hawaii
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Hawaii Rev Stat. §127A-13
In the event of an emergency declared by the governor, the governor may require the quarantine of a person that presents a public health risk.
Hawaii Rev Stat. §325-8
The department of health can petition the court for a quarantine order, or if necessary to protect public health, establish quarantine once a petition is submitted.
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Hawaii Rev Stat. §325-8
A quarantined individual must obey the department’s rules and orders. Violation of a quarantine order is a misdemeanor.
Hawaii Rev Stat. §325-2
Failure of required medical professionals to report presence of a communicable disease is punishable by fine up to $1,000 per violation.
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Hawaii Rev Stat. §325-8
The department of health can petition the court for a quarantine order. An individual quarantined shall have the right to a court hearing. If a hearing is requested, it shall be held within fourteen days of filing of the request.
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Idaho
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Idaho Code §50-304
Cities may establish a board of health and prescribe its powers including to prevent contagious diseases and may make quarantine laws.
Idaho Code §56-1003
The public health director, under rules adopted by the board of health and approved by the legislature, shall have power to impose and enforce orders of isolation, quarantine or restricted access to protect the public.
§39-415
The district board has the same authority as the state in relation to the right of quarantine.
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Idaho Code §56-1003
Any person who violates an order of isolation or quarantine shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Idaho Code §56-1009
The health department director or designee has the authority to enter at reasonable times private or public property for the purpose of inspecting or investigating possible violations of public health and welfare.
Idaho Administrative Rules 16.02.10
The state health officer or representative may declare a house, building or room a place of quarantine and require no persons to leave or enter when a case of communicable disease occurs. Quarantine orders must be provided to the person being quarantined, the attending physician, the prosecuting attorney of the county or city.
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Illinois
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Ill. Rev. Stat. 20 §2305
The state department of public health has supreme authority in matters of quarantine and isolation and may declare and enforce quarantine and isolation and modify or relax quarantine and isolation.
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20 §2305
Whoever violates or refuses to obey any rule or regulation of the department of public health shall be deemed guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
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20 §2305
No person or group may be quarantined or isolated except with the consent. The department of public health may order a person or a group quarantined or isolated or order a place closed on an immediate basis without prior consent or court order if immediate action is required to protect the public from a dangerously contagious or infectious disease.
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Indiana
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Ind. Code §16-19-3-9
The department of health may establish quarantine and do what is reasonable and necessary to prevent or suppress disease. When a public health emergency exists, the department can enforce orders within a local jurisdiction and exercise all powers of those local health authorities.
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Ind. Code §16-41-9-1.5
A person who knowingly or intentionally violates a condition of isolation or quarantine under this chapter commits violating quarantine or isolation, a Class A misdemeanor.
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Ind. Code §16-41-9-1.5
The public health authority may petition a circuit or superior court for an order imposing isolation or quarantine. A petition for isolation or quarantine must include a description supporting the authority's belief that isolation or quarantine should be imposed including efforts the authority made to obtain the individual's voluntary compliance with isolation or quarantine.
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Iowa
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Iowa Code §136.3
The state board of health shall have the power and duty to prevent epidemics and the spread of disease, including communicable and infectious diseases including quarantine and isolation.
Iowa Code §135.144
Once the governor proclaims a public health disaster (code section 29C.6) the public health department may isolate or quarantine individuals or groups.
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Iowa Code §139A.25
A person who knowingly violates any provision of this chapter, or of the rules of the department or a local board, or any lawful order of the department or board, or of their officers or authorized agents, is guilty of a simple misdemeanor.
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Iowa Code §139A.4
The department of public health and local boards may enforce area quarantine restrictions in accordance with rules adopted by the department by the least restrictive means necessary.
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Kansas
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Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-119
Any county or joint board of health or local health officer having knowledge of any infectious or contagious disease within their jurisdiction shall immediately exercise and maintain a supervision over such case(s) including isolation, restriction of communication, quarantine and disinfection.
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Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-129
Anyone who knowingly conceals a contagious disease or breaks quarantine or isolation is guilty of a class C misdemeanor.
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Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-129b
A local health officer may order any sheriff, deputy sheriff or other law enforcement to assist in the enforcement of an order of isolation or quarantine.
An individual or group isolated or quarantined may request a hearing in district court. The court shall determine if isolation or quarantine is necessary and reasonable to prevent or reduce the spread of the disease or outbreak.
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Kentucky
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Ken. Rev. Stat. §212.370
A county board shall have exclusive control and operation…of laws and ordinances regulating
quarantine necessary for the promotion of public health.
Ken. Rev. Stat. §214.020
The cabinet for health and family services shall promulgate regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of infectious or contagious diseases. Restrictions on in-person meetings or functioning of schools, businesses, political or religious or social gatherings, places of worship or local governments shall be in effect no longer than 30 days.
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Ken. Rev. Stat. Title 902 §2.020
If the cabinet has cause to believe a physician willfully neglected or refused to notify the cabinet of a reportable disease, the cabinet shall make an appropriate referral to the appropriate licensing board.
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Ken. Rev. Stat. §214.020
Any administrative regulation under this section shall include the penalty, appeal and due process rights for violations.
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Louisiana
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La. Rev. Stat. § 29.764
For public health emergencies, the secretary of health shall be the principal adviser to the governor’s office and shall ensure each municipality and parish establish quarantine procedures that are the least restrictive necessary to prevent the spread of disease.
La. Rev. Stat. § 40:4
The state health officer shall promulgate and enforce rules and regulations regarding the state’s sanitary code including isolation and quarantine.
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La. Rev. Stat. §40:6
Any person violates the provisions of isolation or quarantine shall be fined not less than fifty dollars or more than one hundred dollars or be imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.
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La. Rev. Stat. §40:3
The state health officer shall take all necessary steps to execute the sanitary laws as contained in the sanitary code and may issue warrants only to arrest or prevent epidemics or abate any imminent menace to the public health.
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Maine
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Maine Rev. Stat. Tit. 22 § 802
In the event of an actual or threatened epidemic or public health threat, the health department may declare a health emergency and adopt emergency rules for the protection of the public health relating to procedures for isolation and placement of infected persons for care or infection control.
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Maine Rev. Stat. Tit. 22 § 804
If a person refuses to obey a cease and desist order enforcing § 802, the department may bring an action in district court to obtain an injunction enforcing the cease and desist order or to request a civil fine not to exceed $500, or both.
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Maine Rev. Stat. Tit. 22 § 804
In enforcing § 802, any person who neglects, violates or refuses to obey rules may be ordered by the department to cease and desist.
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Maryland
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Md. Ann. Code § 18-905
The secretary of health may order an individual or group to remain in isolation or quarantine if it’s determined to be medically necessary and reasonable to prevent or reduce the spread of disease or outbreak.
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Md. Ann. Code § 18-907
A person who violates § 18-905 is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or fine not exceeding $3,000 or both.
If a health care practitioner fails to comply with an order issued under § 18-903 or 904 the secretary may request the appropriate licensing board to take disciplinary action.
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Md. Ann. Code § 18-906
An individual or group isolated or quarantined may request a hearing in circuit court. The court shall grant the request unless it determines the isolation or quarantine directive is necessary and reasonable. The secretary may move to continue isolation or quarantine for subsequent 30-day periods.
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Massachusetts
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Mass. Gen. Laws Tit. II Ch. 17 § 2A
Upon declaration of a public health emergency by the governor, the public health commissioner may, with approval of the governor and the public health council, take action deemed necessary to assure the maintenance of public health and the prevention of disease.
Mass. Gen. Laws Tit. XVI Ch. 111 § 104
If a disease dangerous to public health exists, the selectmen and board of health shall use all possible care to prevent the spread of the infection.
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Mass. Gen. Laws Tit. XVI Ch. 111 § 104
Whoever obstructs the selectmen, board of health or its agent or willfully removes, obliterates, defaces or handles such public notices shall forfeit not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars.
Mass. Gen. Laws Tit. XVI Ch. 111 § 105
If a physician or other person who is in any of the hospitals or places of reception mentioned in § 95 violates a regulation of the board of health, he shall forfeit not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars.
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Mass. Gen. Laws Tit. XVI Ch. 111 § 96
A magistrate authorized to issue warrants may issue a warrant directed to the sheriff of the county or his deputy, or to any constable or police officer, to remove any person infected with a disease dangerous to the public health or who is a carrier of the causative agent, under the direction of the board of health.
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Michigan
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Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 333.5203
Upon a determination that an individual is a carrier and a health threat to others, the department or local health officer shall issue a warning notice to the individual requiring the individual to cooperate with the department or local health department. Except in cases of emergency, the individual has the right to a hearing.
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Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 333.2461
If a local health department believes that a person has violated this code or a rule, regulation or order issued which the local health department has the authority and duty to enforce, the department may issue a citation not later than 90 days after discovery of the alleged violation.
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Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 333.5207
To protect the public health in an emergency, upon the filing of an affidavit by the department or a local health officer, the circuit court may order the department, local health officer, or a peace officer to take an individual into custody.
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Minnesota
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Minn. Stat. § 144.419-144.4196
The commissioner of the department of health may establish and enforce a system of quarantine against the introduction of any plague or other communicable disease. Isolation and quarantine must be by the least restrictive means necessary to prevent the spread of a communicable disease.
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Minn. Stat. § 144.419
A person who has been directed by the commissioner of health to submit to medical procedures and protocols due to being infected with a communicable disease and who refuses to submit to them may be subject to continued isolation or quarantine according to the parameters set forth in section 144.4195.
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Minn. Stat. § 144.4195
Before isolating or quarantining a person or group of persons, the commissioner of health shall obtain a written, ex parte order authorizing the isolation or quarantine from the district court or the county where the person or group is located. The court shall determine if isolation or quarantine is warranted to protect the public health.
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Mississippi
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Miss. Code Ann. § 41-23-5
The department of health shall have the authority to investigate and control the causes of epidemic, infectious and other disease affecting the public health, including the authority to establish, maintain and enforce isolation and quarantine.
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Miss. Code Ann. § 41-23-2
A person afflicted with a communicable disease who knowingly and willfully violates the order of the county, district or state health officer shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both.
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Miss. Code Ann. § 41-23-5
The department of health is authorized and empowered to require the temporary detainment of individuals for disease control purposes based upon violation of any order of the state health officer. All law enforcement officers are authorized and directed to assist in the enforcement of such orders of the state health officer.
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Missouri
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Mo. Rev. Stat. § 79.380
and § 77.530
The board of aldermen and the council may make regulations and pass ordinances for the prevention of the introduction of contagious diseases into the city and make quarantine laws and enforce the same within five miles of the city.
Mo. Rev. Stat. CRS 20-20.050
The local health authority or director of the department of health shall require isolation of a patient or animal with a communicable disease and quarantine of contacts necessary for the protection of the public health.
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Mo. Rev. Stat. § 192.320
Any person who leaves any isolation hospital or quarantined place without the consent of the health officer having jurisdiction, or who evades or breaks quarantine or knowingly conceals a case of contagious, infectious or communicable disease, or who removes or destroys any quarantine notice shall be deemed guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
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Montana
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Mont. Code Ann. § 50-1-204
The health department may adopt and enforce quarantine or isolation measures to prevent the spread of communicable disease.
Mont. Code Ann. § 50-2-116
Each local board of health shall assess, prevent and ameliorate conditions of public health including through isolation and quarantine measures.
Mont. Code Ann. § 50-2-118
Local health shall establish and maintain quarantine and isolation measures as adopted by the local board of health.
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Mont. Code Ann. § 50-1-204
A person who does not comply with quarantine measures shall, on conviction, be fined not less than $10 or more than $100.
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Mont. Code Ann. § 50-2-116
A directive of a local board of health in response to a declaration of emergency or disaster remains in effect only until the governing body holds a public meeting and the majority of the governing board moves to amend, rescind or mandate an order, and may not interfere with a person’s attendance at a religious facility, church, synagogue, or other place of worship.
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Nebraska
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Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-601
The state department of health and human services shall have supervision over all matters of quarantine and quarantine regulations.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-501
Local public health departments or county boards of health shall make and enforce regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of contagious, infectious and malignant diseases in their county.
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Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-506
Any person violating any of the provisions of sections 71-501 to 71-505, 71-507 to 71-513, or 71-514.01 to 71-514.05 or section 71-531 shall be guilty of a Class V misdemeanor.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-503
Any attending physician knowing of a contagious or infectious disease who fails to promptly report shall be deemed guilty of a Class V misdemeanor for each offense.
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Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-501
If the local public health department or the county board of health fails to enact such rules and regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of disease, it shall enforce the rules and regulations adopted and promulgated by the department of health and human services.
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Nevada
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Nev. Rev. Stat. § 441A.510
If a health authority isolates, quarantines or treats a person or group of persons infected with, exposed to, or reasonably believed to have been infected with a communicable disease, the authority must act in the manner set forth in
§ 41A.510 to 441A.720.
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§ 441A.180
Any person who, after receiving notice that he or she has tested positive for a communicable disease, intentionally conducts themselves in a manner intended to transmit the disease to another person is guilty of a misdemeanor.
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§ 441A.510
The board shall adopt regulations setting forth the rights of a person who is isolated or quarantined.
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New Hampshire
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N.H. Rev. Stat. § 141-C:4
The health commissioner shall establish, maintain and suspend isolation and quarantine to prevent the spread of communicable diseases and order persons who pose a threat to the life and health of the public to receive such treatment and care as necessary to eliminate the threat.
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N.H. Rev. Stat. § 141-C:21
Any person who violated, disobeys, refuses or neglects to comply with any of the provisions of § 141-C, or of the rules adopted pursuant to it, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor if a natural person, or guilty of a felony if any other person.
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N.H. Rev. Stat. § 141-C:12
The commissioner shall impose isolation or quarantine by written order. When an individual subject to an order for isolation or quarantine refuses to cooperate with such order, the commissioner may issue a complaint to the justice of the peace and any law enforcement officer shall take such individual into custody and transport them to the isolation or quarantine facility or place.
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New Jersey
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N.J. Stat § 26:4-2
To prevent the spread of disease, the state department of health and local boards of health have power to maintain and enforce proper and sufficient quarantine, when deemed necessary. During a governor declared public health emergency, the department shall oversee such powers and local boards of health shall be subject to the department’s authority.
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N.J. Stat § 26:4-128
Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this article shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. On conviction he shall be punished for each offense by a fine not exceeding three thousand dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or both.
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N.J. Stat § 26:4-4
If a person within the jurisdiction of a local board is infected with any communicable disease, the state department may submit notice to the local board requiring it to take action to restrict the spread of the communicable disease. If no action is taken by the local board, the department may bring a proceeding in lieu of prerogative writ to compel the local board to take the action ordered.
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New Mexico
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N.M. Stat. Ann. § 12-10A-8
The secretary of health may isolate or quarantine as necessary during a public health emergency using the procedures set forth in the Public Health Emergency Response Act (§ 12-10A-1 to 12-10A-19).
N.M. Stat. Ann. §24-1-3
The department of health has authority to establish, maintain and enforce isolation and quarantine.
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N.M. Stat. Ann. § 12-10A-19
The secretary of health, the secretary of public safety or the director may enforce the provisions of the Public Health Emergency Response Act by imposing a civil administrative penalty of up to $5,000 for each violation of that act.
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N.M. Stat. Ann. § 25-1-15
If a person has refused treatment, testing evaluation or detention, the secretary of health shall petition the court for an order to isolate or quarantine. The secretary may temporarily isolate or quarantine a person or group if delay would jeopardize preventing or limiting spread of a communicable disease. Isolation or quarantine must be the least restrictive means to protect against the spread of disease.
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New York
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N.Y. Public Health Law § 2100
Every local board of health and health officer shall guard against the introduction of communicable diseases, as designated in the sanitary code and provide for care and isolation of cases in a hospital or elsewhere for protection of the public health.
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N.Y. Public Health Law § 12 Any person who violates a health law or regulation shall be liable for a civil penalty not to exceed $2,000 for the first violation, $5,000 for a second violation and up to $10,000 if the violation causes harm.
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N.Y. Public Health Law § 2120
When a health officer finds a person is afflicted with a communicable disease and is unable or unwilling to live in such manner as not to expose others, the health officer shall file a complaint with a magistrate. After due notice and a hearing, the person may be confined to a hospital or facility for care.
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North Carolina
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-145
The state health director and a local health director are empowered to exercise quarantine and isolation authority. Quarantine and isolation authority shall be exercised only when the public health is endangered, all other reasonable means for correcting the problem have been exhausted, and no less restrictive alternative exists.
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-25 Any person who violates a provision of this Chapter or rules adopted by the Commission or local board of health shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-145
Quarantine or isolation shall not exceed 30 calendar days. A person may institute in superior court or in the county in which the limitation is imposed an action to review that limitation. A hearing can be requested and shall be held within 72 hours of the filing of the request.
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North Dakota
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N.D. Cen. Code § 23-07.6-03
The state or a local health officer may temporarily isolate or quarantine an individual or group through a written directive if delay in imposing the isolation or quarantine would significantly jeopardize the ability to prevent or limit the transmission of a contagious or possibly contagious disease to others.
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N.D. Cen. Code § 23-07.6-02
A person, other than a person authorized by the state or local health officer, must not enter isolation or quarantine premises. Failure to obey this provision is a class B misdemeanor.
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N.D. Cen. Code § 23-07.6-03
Within ten days after issuance of a written directive, the state or local health officer shall file a petition for a court order authorizing continued isolation or quarantine. A hearing must be held within five days of filing the petition.
N.D. Cen. Code § 23-07.6-09
If the court finds the respondent is infected with a communicable disease, poses a substantial threat to the public health, and confinement is necessary and least restrictive alternative, the court may order continued confinement.
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Ohio
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Ohio Rev. Code § 3701.13
The department of health shall have authority in matters of quarantine and isolation, which it may declare and enforce, modify, relax, or abolish.
Ohio Rev. Code § 3707.31
When great emergency exists, the city or district board of health may seize, occupy, and temporarily use for a quarantine hospital a suitable vacant house or building within its jurisdiction.
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Ohio Rev. Code § 3707.09
A city or district board of health may employ as many persons as necessary to execute its orders and properly guard a place containing a person declared quarantinable by the board or the department of health. The persons employed shall be sworn in as quarantine guards, shall have police powers, and may use all necessary means to enforce sections 3707.01 to 3707.53.
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Oklahoma
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Okla. Stat. Title 63 § 1-502
The State Board of Health shall adopt rules and regulations it deems necessary to aid in the prevention and control of communicable diseases including quarantine measures.
Okla. Stat. Title 63 § 1-504
When a local health officer determines or suspects that a person has been exposed to a communicable disease of public health concern, the officer may impose a quarantine under the rules and regulations of the state board of health.
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Okla. Stat. Title 21 § 48-1195
A person who has been lawfully ordered by any health officer to be detained in quarantine, and has not been discharged, and who leaves the quarantine grounds or willfully violates any quarantine law or regulation is guilty of a misdemeanor.
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Okla. Stat. Title 63 § 1-504
District courts shall be authorized to grant injunctive relief, including temporary injunctions and temporary restraining orders, to compel compliance with a quarantine or isolation order issued by a local health officer.
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Oregon
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Or. Rev. Stat. § 433.121
The public health director or a local public health administrator may issue an emergency order of isolation or quarantine if there is probable cause to believe that immediate detention is necessary to avoid a clear and immediate danger to others and that considerations of safety do not allow initiation of the petition process set out in ORS 433.123.
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Or. Rev. Stat. § 433.121
Failure to obey a court order under this section subjects the person in violation to contempt proceeding under ORS 33.015-155.
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Or. Rev. Stat. § 433.123
The public health director or a local public health administrator may petition the circuit court for an order authorizing the isolation or quarantine of a person or group of persons or continued isolation or quarantine of a person or group of persons detained under ORS 433.121.
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Pennsylvania
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Pa. Code Title 29 § 27.60
The health department or local health authority shall direct isolation of a person or an animal with a communicable disease or infection.
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Pa. Code Title 28 § 27.65
If a disease is one which is determined to require the quarantine of contacts in addition to isolation of the case the department, or a local health authority shall determine which contacts shall be quarantined, specify the place to which they shall be quarantined, and issue appropriate instructions.
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Rhode Island
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R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-8-4
If the director of health, or authorized agent, determines that a threat to the public health exists because a person is suffering, or appears to be suffering, from a communicable disease, they may confine the person for the purpose of isolation or quarantine.
R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-8-18
The power to establish quarantine is vested in the governor, when deemed advisable to prevent spread of infectious diseases, who may by proclamation place under quarantine the whole or portion of the state that is deemed necessary and authorize the director of health to take action and make and enforce any necessary rules and regulations.
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R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-8-7
Any person who is confined by the director or authorized agent under the provision of § 23-8-4 and violates that confinement shall be punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars or by imprisonment for not more than ninety days, or both.
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R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-8-21
Every officer shall have power, within the city or town appointed, to enforce, during the period of proclamation made by the governor for the purpose of establishing quarantine, all rules and regulations made by the state director of health; it shall be the duty of city and town councils to require officers to enforce the rules and regulations.
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South Carolina
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S.C. Code Ann. § 44-4-510
During a public health emergency, the department of health and environment control may isolate or quarantine a person whose refusal of examination or testing results in uncertainty regarding exposure to or infection with a contagious or possibly contagious disease.
S.C. Code Ann. § 44-4-530
The Department of Health and Environmental Control may isolate or quarantine individuals or groups who have not been vaccinated, treated, tested or examined pursuant to § 44-4-510-520. Isolation and quarantine must be the least restrictive means necessary to prevent spread of a contagious disease.
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S.C. Code Ann. § 44-4-530
A person subject to isolation or quarantine must comply with DHEC's rules and orders and not go beyond the isolation or quarantine premises. Failure to comply with these rules and orders constitutes a felony and, upon conviction, a person must be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 days, or both.
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S.C. Code Ann. § 44-1-80
The board of health and environmental control shall enforce or prescribe quarantine or other measures of prevention to protect the citizens of the state. All sheriffs and constables in the counties and police officers and health officers of cities and towns shall aid and assist the DHEC to enforce and carry out any and all restrictive measures and quarantine regulations.
S.C. Code Ann. § 44-4-540
DHEC may temporarily isolate or quarantine an individual or groups through emergency order if delay in imposing the isolation or quarantine would significantly jeopardize DHEC's ability to prevent or limit the transmission of a contagious disease.
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South Dakota
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S.D. Codified Laws § 34-1-17
The department of health may adopt and enforce orders and rules necessary to preserve and protect the public health including the treatment of persons suffering from communicable diseases, and the disinfection and quarantine of persons and places in case of such disease.
S.D. Codified Laws § 34-22-1.1
The department of health may establish and enforce a system of quarantine against the introduction of any communicable disease by a common carrier doing business across the state's borders.
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S.D. Codified Laws § 34-22-5
Each person who intentionally exposes himself or herself or another person infected with any communicable disease in any public place is guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor.
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Tennessee
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Tenn. Code § 68-1-201
The commissioner may declare quarantine when the welfare of the public requires it. Quarantine means the limitation of a person's freedom of movement, isolation or restricting access to premises for a period necessary to confirm a diagnosis, determine the cause or source of a disease, or to prevent the spread of a disease.
Tenn. Code § 68-2-609
The county health officer may order quarantine of a place or person if necessary to protect the public health from an epidemic. The officer shall not issue an order that closes a church or religious organization.
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Tenn. Code § 68-1-203
Any person who willfully disregards or evades quarantine, or violates any rule or regulation made in attempting to prevent the spread of any epidemic disease, commits a Class B misdemeanor.
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Tenn. Code § 68-9-203
In establishing isolation or quarantine, the commissioner or state, district, municipal or county health officer having jurisdiction shall designate and define the length of time, site and any other conditions required of the person to be isolated or quarantined.
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Texas
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Texas Health and Safety Code § 81.082
A health authority has authority over communicable disease control measures including quarantine.
Texas Health and Safety Code § 81.085
If an outbreak of communicable disease occurs, the commissioner or one or more health authorities may impose quarantine. A health authority may not impose quarantine until consulting with the department.
Texas Health and Safety Code § 122.005
The governing body of a Type A general-law municipality may take any action necessary to suppress disease including quarantine rules.
Texas Health and Safety Code § 122.006
A home-rule municipality may adopt quarantine rules to protect the residents against communicable disease.
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Texas Health and Safety Code § 81.085
If a person knowingly fails or refuses to obey a rule, order, or instruction of the department or an order or instruction of a health authority issued and published during an area quarantine, the offense is a felony of the third degree.
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Texas Health and Safety Code § 81.009
This chapter does not authorize medical treatment of an individual who chooses treatment by prayer or spiritual means, however the individual may be isolated or quarantined in an appropriate facility and shall obey the rules, orders, and instructions of the department or health authority while in isolation or quarantine.
Texas Health and Safety Code § 81.009
A peace officer, including a sheriff or constable, may use reasonable force to secure a quarantine area.
Texas Health and Safety Code § 121.024
The duties of a health authority include establishing, maintaining, enforcing quarantine in the health authority’s jurisdiction.
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Utah
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Utah Code § 26B-7-303
§ 26B-7-303 through 26B-7-315 apply to involuntary examination, treatment, isolation and quarantine applied to individuals or groups. The department of health or a local health department may issue an order of restriction for the shortest reasonable time necessary, using the least intrusive method of restriction to protect public health. The legislature, by joint resolution, may terminate an order of restriction in response to a declared public health emergency.
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Utah Code § 26B-7-316
A health care provider shall report to the department any case who the provider believes is likely to have a condition caused by bioterrorism, epidemic or pandemic, or highly fatal infectious agent. The department may impose a sanction against a health care provider for failure to report.
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Utah Code § 26B-7-305 & 306
The department or local health department shall seek either judicial review of an order of restriction or consent by the individual. Law enforcement officers within a jurisdiction shall assist with enforcing the order of restriction.
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Vermont
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Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 18 § 126
The health commissioner may issue orders to prevent, mitigate or correct public health risks including quarantine or isolation of an area, persons, animals or materials.
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 18 § 1004a
The commissioner of health shall have the power to quarantine a person diagnosed with or suspected of having a disease dangerous to the public health.
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Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 18 § 126
A notice of intent shall be served by a health officer in accordance with the procedures set for in Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure. A health order is effective upon issuance and may include quarantine or isolation of an area, persons, animals or materials.
The person against whom the health order is sought may request a hearing.
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Virginia
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Va. Code § 32.1-42
The board of health may promulgate regulations and orders to prevent an emergency caused by a disease dangerous to public health, including a communicable disease threat.
Va. Code § 32.1-43
The state health commissioner shall have authority to require quarantine, isolation, immunization, decontamination or treatment of an individual or group to protect public health.
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Va. Code § 32.1-48.014
Individuals who fail to comply with a valid quarantine or isolation order are subject to penalties outlined in § 32.1-27 including, upon conviction, a Class 1 misdemeanor and payment of civil penalties.
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Va. Code § 32.1-44
Any order of isolation or quarantine shall remain in effect until the person(s) subject to the order shall no longer constitute a threat to others.
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Washington
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Wash. Rev. Code § 43.20.050
To protect public health, the state board of health shall adopt rules for the use of isolation and quarantine
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Wash. Rev. Code § 70.28.033
Any person ordered by a health officer for treatment, isolation or examination, as provided for in 70.28.031, who violates or fails to comply is guilty of a misdemeanor upon conviction, in addition to any other penalties which may be imposed by law.
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Wash. Rev. Code § 70.28.033
A person who violates or fails to comply with an order may be ordered by the court confined until such order of the health officer shall have been fully complied with or terminated, but not exceeding six months from the date of passing judgment upon such conviction.
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West Virginia
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W. Va. Code § 16-3-1
The state director of health is empowered to establish and maintain quarantine and prevent the assembling of people when public health and safety so demand.
W. Va. Code § 16-3-2
A county board of health may declare quarantine whenever in their judgment it is necessary to prevent the spread of any communicable or infectious disease.
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W. Va. Code § 16-3-2
A person who fails or refuses to comply with orders and directions made by a board enforcing quarantine, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $200.
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W. Va. Code § 16-3-1
The director of health has the power to enforce regulations to prevent the spread of communicable and infectious diseases by detention and arrest if necessary.
W. Va. Code § 16-3-2
A county board of health has the power and authority to enforce quarantine. The board of health of any city, town or village shall have, within the municipality, the same powers and perform the same duties required of a county board of health.
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Wisconsin
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Wis. Stat. § 252.02
Except as provided in 93.07 (24) (e) and 97.59, the health department may promulgate and enforce rules or issue orders for the control and suppression of communicable diseases, including quarantine and disinfection of persons, localities and things infected or suspected of being infected.
Wis. Stat. § 252.06
The department or local health officer acting on behalf of the department may require isolation of a patient or individual under 252.041 (1) (b) and quarantine of contacts.
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Wis. Stat. § 252.06
No person, other than a person authorized by the public health authority may enter an isolation or quarantine premises. A violation is subject to a fine not to exceed $10,000 or imprisonment not to exceed nine months, or both.
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Wis. Stat. § 252.06
The local health officer shall employ as many persons as necessary to execute orders and properly guard a place if quarantine or other restrictions on communicable disease are violated. Such persons shall be sworn in as quarantine guards, shall have police powers, and may use all necessary means to enforce the state laws for the prevention and control of communicable diseases, or the orders and rules of the department or any local health officer.
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Wyoming
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Wyo. Stat. § 35-1-240
The department of health has the power and duty to establish, maintain and enforce isolation and quarantine and exercise physical control over property and the people within the state as necessary for the protection of the public health.
Wyo. Stat. § 35-1-201
Except as provided in W.S. 35-4-113, with respect to persons who rely upon spiritual means or prayer to prevent or cure disease, nothing in this act shall have the effect of requiring or giving any health officer the right to compel a person to be confined in a hospital or other medical institution unless no other place for quarantine can be secured.
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Wyo. Stat. § 35-4-105
Any person confined in quarantine who escape or attempt to escape without having been dismissed upon the certificate or authority of the county health officer may be charged with a crime. Upon conviction, violation may be punished by a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment for not more than one year.
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Wyo. Stat. § 35-4-103
When notified of an infectious or contagious disease, the department of health shall order a county health officer to investigate and declare quarantine if necessary. The county health officer or the department may employ a sufficient number of police officers who shall be under the control of the county health officer to enforce and carry out any quarantine regulations the department may prescribe.
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