Initiative and Referendum States
|
State
|
Initiative
|
Popular Referendum
|
Constitution Initiative
|
|
Alaska
|
I*
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Arizona
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Arkansas
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
California
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Colorado
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Florida
|
None
|
No
|
D
|
|
Idaho
|
D
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Illinois
|
None
|
No
|
D
|
|
Maine
|
I
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Maryland
|
None
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Massachusetts
|
I
|
Yes
|
I
|
|
Michigan
|
I
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Mississippi**
|
None
|
No
|
I
|
|
Missouri
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Montana
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Nebraska
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Nevada
|
I
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
New Mexico
|
None
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
North Dakota
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Ohio
|
I
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Oklahoma
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Oregon
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
South Dakota
|
D
|
Yes
|
D
|
|
Utah
|
D & I
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Washington
|
D & I
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
Wyoming
|
I*
|
Yes
|
None
|
|
U.S. Virgin Islands
|
I
|
Yes
|
I
|
D – Direct Initiative; proposals that qualify go directly on the ballot
I – Indirect Initiative; proposals are submitted to the legislature, which has an opportunity to act on the proposed legislation. The initiative question will subsequently go on the ballot if the legislature rejects it, submits a different proposal or takes no action.
I* -- Alaska and Wyoming’s initiative processes are usually considered indirect. However, instead of requiring that an initiative be submitted to the legislature for action, they only require that an initiative cannot be placed on the ballot until after a legislative session has convened and adjourned.
**Currently invalid. In 2021, the Mississippi Supreme Court struck down a medical marijuana initiative and voided, for the time being, the state’s initiative process because the constitution requires initiative sponsors to gather signatures from five congressional districts and the state has only had four districts since the 2000 census.