Disclaimers on Political Advertisements

Elections

Disclaimer laws are an area of campaign finance regulation intended to foster transparency and accountability in the political process. All 50 states have some type of disclaimer laws requiring individuals, political committees, or independent expenditure organizations to publish who paid for election advertising. These laws vary significantly from state to state in terms of their specificity and scope. Some states have detailed requirements for the content and format of disclaimers, while others have more general rules that require only basic information about the sponsor of the ad. The general formula for a disclaimer is that any advertisement (typically print, radio, or audio-visual) intended to influence the outcome of an election will trigger some type of “magic words” or “clear and understandable” information that tells the viewer who paid for the ad. The most frequently used examples are “this ad is paid for by” or simply "paid for by".

Broadly, the goal of disclaimer laws is to provide voters with accurate and useful information about who is behind the political advertising that they see or hear. This can include the name of the sponsoring individual or organization, as well as other identifying information like contact details and political affiliations. Many states also require disclaimers to be placed prominently in the advertising, such as at the beginning or end of a TV or radio spot, or in a clearly visible location on a printed piece. Some states, like Colorado and New Hampshire, require a "natural person" to be named in disclaimers, so that citizens do not run into issues identifying the persons behind an independent expenditure or PAC.

As the media and advertising landscape evolves, states are beginning to take new approaches to disclaimer law. California and Massachusetts, for example, have adopted rules that require disclaimers for social media advertising, including in podcast or in-app advertising. Other states however, like Arizona, explicitly do not require disclaimers for social media advertisements. At this time, most states continue to use existing disclaimer law and apply that to the changing media landscape, but this is an area of campaign finance law to watch.

Key Takeaways

This webpage summarizes state laws on disclaimers, or mandatory disclosure of who paid for political advertisements on or within the advertisement itself.

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§ 17-5-12. Identification of paid advertisements

(a) Any paid political advertisement or electioneering communication appearing in any print media or broadcast on any electronic media shall clearly and distinctly identify the entity responsible for paying for the advertisement or electioneering communication. It shall be unlawful for any person, nonprofit corporation, entity, candidate, principal campaign committee, or other political action committee to broadcast, publish, or circulate any campaign literature, political advertisement, or electioneering communication without a notice appearing on the printed matter with a clear and unmistakable identification of the entity responsible for directly paying for the advertisement or electioneering communication, or on the broadcast at the beginning, during, or end of a radio or television spot, stating that the communication was a paid advertisement, clearly identifying the entity directly responsible for paying for the advertisement or electioneering communication, and giving the identification of the person, nonprofit corporation, entity, principal campaign committee, or other political action committee or entity that paid for such communication.

(b) This section does not apply to any political advertisement or electioneering communication used by a candidate and the candidate's supporters or by a political committee if the message or advertisement is:

(1) Designed to be worn by a person.

(2) Placed as a paid link on an Internet website, provided the message or advertisement is no more than 200 characters in length and the link directs the user to another Internet website that complies with subsection (a).

(3) Placed as a graphic or picture link where compliance with the requirements of this section is not reasonably practical due to the size of the graphic or picture link and the link directs the user to another Internet website that complies with subsection (a).

(4) Placed at no cost on an Internet website for which there is no cost to post content for public users.

(5) Placed or distributed on an unpaid profile account which is available to the public without charge or on a social networking Internet website, as long as the source of the message or advertisement is patently clear from the content or format of the message or advertisement. A candidate or political committee may prominently display a statement indicating that the website or account is an official website or account of the candidate or political committee and is approved by the candidate or political committee. A website or account may not be marked as official without prior approval by the candidate or political committee.

(6) Distributed as a text message or other message via Short Message Service, provided the message is no more than 200 characters in length or requires the recipient to sign up or opt in to receive it.

(7) Connected with or included in any software application or accompanying function, provided that the user signs up, opts in, downloads, or otherwise accesses the application from or through a website that complies with subsection (a).

(8) Sent by a third-party user from or through a campaign or committee's website, provided the website complies with subsection (a).

(9) Contained in or distributed through any other technology related item, service, or device for which compliance with subsection (a) is not reasonably practical due to the size or nature of such item, service, or device as available, or the means of displaying the message or advertisement makes compliance with subsection (a) impracticable.

§ 15.13.090. Identification of communication

(a) All communications shall be clearly identified by the words “paid for by” followed by the name and address of the person paying for the communication. In addition, except as provided by (d) of this section, a person shall clearly

(1) provide the person's address or the person's principal place of business;

(2) for a person other than an individual or candidate, include

(A) the name and title of the person's principal officer;

(B) a statement from the principal officer approving the communication; and

(C) unless the person is a political party, identification of the name and city and state of residence or principal place of business, as applicable, of each of the person's three largest contributors under AS 15.13.040(e)(5), if any, during the 12-month period before the date of the communication.

(b) The provisions of (a) of this section do not apply when the communication

(1) is paid for by an individual acting independently of any other person; (2) is made to influence the outcome of a ballot proposition as that term is defined by AS 15.13.065(c); and

(3) is made for

(A) a billboard or sign; or

(B) printed material other than an advertisement made in a newspaper or other periodical.

(c) To satisfy the requirements of (a)(1) of this section and, if applicable, (a)(2)(C) of this section, a communication that includes a print or video component must have the following statement or statements placed in the communication so as to be easily discernible; the second statement is not required if the person paying for the communication has no contributors or is a political party:

This communication was paid for by (person's name and city and state of principal place of business). The top contributors of (person's name) are (the name and city and state of residence or principal place of business, as applicable, of the largest contributors to the person under AS 15.13.090(a)(2)(C)).

(d) Notwithstanding the requirements of (a) of this section, in a communication transmitted through radio or other audio media and in a communication that includes an audio component, the following statements must be read in a manner that is easily heard; the second statement is not required if the person paying for the communication has no contributors or is a political party:

This communication was paid for by (person's name). The top contributors of (person's name) are (the name of the largest contributors to the person under AS 15.13.090(a)(2)(C)).

(e) Contributors required to be identified under (a)(2)(C) of this section must be listed in order of the amount of their contributions. If more than three of the largest contributors to a person paying for a communication contribute equal amounts, the person may select which of the contributors of equal amounts to identify under (a)(2)(C) of this section. In no case shall a person be required to identify more than three contributors under (a)(2)(C) of this section.

(f) The provisions of this subsection apply to a person who makes an independent expenditure for a communication described in (a) of this section. If the person paying for the communication is not a natural person, the provisions also apply to the responsible officer or officers of the corporation, company, partnership, firm, association, organization, labor organization, business trust, or society who approve the independent expenditure for the communication. A person who makes a communication under this subsection may not, with actual malice, include within or as a part of the communication a false statement of material fact about a candidate for election to public office that constitutes defamation of the candidate. For purposes of this subsection, a statement constitutes defamation of the candidate if the statement

(1) exposes the candidate to strong disapproval, contempt, ridicule, or reproach; or

(2) tends to deprive the candidate of the benefit of public confidence.

§ 16-912. Candidates and independent expenditures; campaign literature and advertisement sponsors; identification; civil penalty Currentness

A. A political committee that makes an expenditure for campaign literature or advertisements that expressly advocate the election or defeat of any candidate or that make any solicitation of contributions to any political committee shall be registered pursuant to this chapter at the time of distribution, placement or solicitation and shall include on the literature or advertisement the words “paid for by” followed by the name of the committee that appears on its statement of organization or five hundred dollar exemption statement.

B. If the expenditure for the campaign literature or advertisements by a political committee is an independent expenditure, the political committee, in addition to the disclosures required by subsection A of this section, shall include on the literature or advertisement the names and telephone numbers of the three political committees making the largest contributions to the political committee making the independent expenditure. If an acronym is used to name any political committee outlined in this section, the name of any sponsoring organization of the political committee shall also be printed or spoken. For the purposes of determining the three contributors to be disclosed, only the contributions made during the calendar year in which the independent expenditure is made shall be considered.

C. Subsection A of this section does not apply to bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens and similar small items on which the statements required in subsection A of this section cannot be conveniently printed or to signs paid for by a candidate with campaign monies or by a candidate's campaign committee or to a solicitation of contributions by a separate segregated fund from those persons it may solicit pursuant to §§ 16-920 and 16-921.

D. The disclosures required pursuant to this section shall be printed clearly and legibly in a conspicuous manner. The disclosure statement shall include the words “paid for by” followed by the name of the entity making the expenditure and shall state that it is not authorized by any candidate or candidate's campaign committee. Disclosure statements shall also comply with the following:

1. If the communication is broadcast on radio, the disclosure shall be spoken at the end of the communication.

2. For printed material that is delivered or provided by hand or by mail, the disclosure shall be printed clearly and legibly in a conspicuous manner.

3. If the communication is broadcast on a telecommunications system, the following apply:

(a) The disclosure shall be both written and spoken at the end of the communication, except that if the written disclosure statement is displayed for at least five seconds of a thirty second communications broadcast or ten seconds of a sixty second communications broadcast, a spoken disclosure statement is not required.

(b) The written disclosure statement shall be printed in letters that are displayed in a height that is equal to or greater than four per cent of the vertical picture height.

E. A person who violates this section is subject to a civil penalty of up to three times the cost of producing and distributing the literature or advertisement. This civil penalty shall be imposed as prescribed in § 16-924.

§ 16-914.02. Reporting independent expenditures of corporations, limited liability companies and labor organizations; statement; disclaimer and disclosure; civil action; civil penalty; violation; classification; definitions

A. Any corporation, limited liability company or labor organization that makes cumulative independent expenditures in an attempt to influence the outcome of a candidate election and in at least the following amounts in an election cycle shall register and notify the appropriate filing officer not later than one day after making that expenditure, excluding Saturdays, Sundays and other legal holidays:

1. An aggregate of five thousand dollars or more in one or more statewide races.

2. An aggregate of two thousand five hundred dollars or more in one or more legislative races.

3. One thousand dollars or more in one or more county, city, town or other local races if the one thousand dollars is aggregated in races in a single county, city, town or other local jurisdiction.

B. The secretary of state is the filing officer for registrations and notifications for independent expenditures in statewide and legislative elections. City, town or county filing officers are the filing officers for notifications in a city, town, county or other local election as provided in § 16-916. The corporation, limited liability company or labor organization also shall notify the filing officer within the same time limit prescribed in subsection A of this section of each additional accumulation of expenditures that exceeds the threshold amount prescribed in subsection A of this section but is not required to register again during that election cycle after the initial registration. A corporation, limited liability company or labor organization may register with the filing officer and provide a notarized, sworn statement of authority in advance of the expenditure in anticipation of making an independent expenditure. The secretary of state shall provide for electronic filing for registrations and notifications and shall provide for website access to the information for the public. Filings at the secretary of state's office shall be in the form prescribed by the secretary of state. Other filing officers shall prescribe the format for filing registrations and notifications and shall provide for public access to that information. On or after November 27, 2012 and at the request of the local election filing officer, the secretary of state may provide for electronic filing pursuant to this section for local elections.

C. The registration shall include all of the following:

1. The name and address of the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization.

2. The name, title, electronic mail address and telephone number of the person authorizing the independent expenditure.

D. Each notification shall include all of the following:

1. The name and address of the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization making the independent expenditure.

2. The amount of the expenditure and the name of the vendor or other payee receiving the expenditure.

3. The name of the candidate and race in which the expenditure was made and whether the expenditure was in support of or opposition to the candidate.

4. The communication medium and description of what was purchased with the expenditure.

5. The date of the expenditure.

E. If the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization did not register and provide a notarized sworn statement in advance of the expenditure as prescribed by this section, the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization shall file with the secretary of state or other appropriate filing officer within five days after an initial threshold expenditure as prescribed in subsection A of this section a notarized sworn statement that the person, agent or officer filing the registration and notice had authority to make that expenditure on behalf of the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization. Until the secretary of state or other filing officer receives the notarized sworn statement, the filing officer shall categorize the notification as unverified. If the secretary of state or other filing officer does not receive the notarized sworn statement within the required five day time frame, the notification shall be categorized as both unverified and delinquent. The filing officer shall make reasonable efforts to contact the entity that made the expenditure and remove the notification from public view within a reasonable time if unable to verify that the entity made the expenditure and all penalties prescribed in this section apply.

F. Any literature or advertisement that is purchased with monies from a corporation, limited liability company or labor organization making an independent expenditure in an attempt to influence the outcome of a candidate election shall disclose the name of the corporation, limited liability company or labor organization making the expenditure. Any disclosure statement required by this section shall be printed clearly and legibly in a conspicuous manner. If the communication is broadcast on radio, the information shall be spoken at the end of the communication. If the communication is broadcast on a telecommunications system, the information shall be both written and spoken at the end of the communication, except that if the disclosure statement is written for at least five seconds of a thirty second advertisement broadcast or ten seconds of a sixty second advertisement broadcast, a spoken disclosure statement is not required. If the communication is broadcast on a telecommunications system, the written disclosure statement shall be printed in letters equal to or larger than four per cent of the vertical picture height. The literature or advertisement shall include the words “paid for by” in the disclosure followed by the name of the entity making the expenditure and shall also state that it is not authorized by any candidate or candidate's campaign committee.

G. Subsection F of this section does not apply to bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens and similar small items on which the statements required in subsection F of this section cannot be conveniently printed or to a communication by an organization solely to its members.

H. Any corporation, limited liability company or labor organization that fails to register, notify or disclose as required by this section is liable in a civil action pursuant to § 16-924 brought by the attorney general, county attorney or city or town attorney, as appropriate, for a civil penalty of up to three times the total amount of the expenditure.

I. Any person who makes a knowingly false filing relating to an independent expenditure pursuant to this section is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor.

J. For violations that occur before November 27, 2012, a reasonable cause determination for a violation of this section may only be made by the secretary of state's office and not by any other filing officer. On or after November 27, 2012, the local election jurisdiction and filing officers may make their own reasonable cause determinations for violations of this section or may elect to continue to have the office of the secretary of state make those reasonable cause determinations on their behalf. A civil or criminal enforcement action may not be filed until after the issuance of a reasonable cause determination.

K. Any entity that makes an independent expenditure and that is organized primarily for the purpose of influencing an election and that is a combination of corporations, limited liability companies or labor organizations or that is a corporation, limited liability company or labor organization that accepts donations or contributions shall file with the filing officer as a political committee as otherwise provided by law.

L. For the purposes of this section, an expenditure occurs on the date on which literature or advertisements are deposited at the post office for mailing, submitted to a communications system for broadcast or submitted to a newspaper or similar print medium for printing and, with respect to an expenditure for signs, the date on which a sign is first posted.

M. For the purposes of this section: 1. “Independent expenditure” has the same meaning prescribed in § 16-901, except that it is made by a corporation, a limited liability company or a labor organization and except as prescribed in subsection L of this section.

2. “Local election” means an election in a county, city, town, school district or special district.

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

§ 84506. Independent expenditures; disclosure statement

(a) An advertisement supporting or opposing a candidate or ballot measure, that is paid for by an independent expenditure, shall include a disclosure statement that identifies both of the following:

(1) The name of the committee making the independent expenditure.

(2) The names of the persons from whom the committee making the independent expenditure has received its two highest cumulative contributions of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) or more during the 12-month period prior to the expenditure. If the committee can show, on the basis that contributions are spent in the order they are received, that contributions received from the two highest contributors have been used for expenditures unrelated to the candidate or ballot measure featured in the communication, the committee shall disclose the contributors making the next largest cumulative contributions of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) or more.

(b) If an acronym is used to identify any committee names required by this section, the names of any sponsoring organization of the committee shall be printed on print advertisements or spoken in broadcast advertisements.

§ 84506.5. Advertisement in support or opposition of candidate; candidate or committee statement Currentness

An advertisement supporting or opposing a candidate that is paid for by an independent expenditure must include a statement that it was not authorized by a candidate or a committee controlled by a candidate.

§ 84508. Short broadcasts; small advertisements If disclosure of two major donors is required by Sections 84503 and 84506, the committee shall be required to disclose, in addition to the committee name, only its highest major contributor in any advertisement which is:

(a) An electronic broadcast of 15 seconds or less, or

(b) A newspaper, magazine, or other public print media advertisement which is 20 square inches or less.

§ 84305. Mass mailings; requirements

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), no candidate or committee shall send a mass mailing unless the name, street address, and city of the candidate or committee are shown on the outside of each piece of mail in the mass

mailing and on at least one of the inserts included within each piece of mail of the mailing in no less than 6-point type which shall be in a color or print which contrasts with the background so as to be easily legible. A post office box may be stated in lieu of a street address if the organization's address is a matter of public record with the Secretary of State.

(b) If the sender of the mass mailing is a single candidate or committee, the name, street address, and city of the candidate or committee need only be shown on the outside of each piece of mail.

(c) If the sender of a mass mailing is a controlled committee, the name of the person controlling the committee shall be included in addition to the information required by subdivision (a).

§ 1-45-107.5. Independent expenditures--restrictions on foreign corporations--registration--disclosure--disclaimer requirements

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no foreign corporation may expend moneys on an independent expenditure in connection with an election in the state. (2) In accordance with the decision of the supreme court of Colorado in the case of In re Interrogatories Propounded by Governor Bill Ritter, Jr., Concerning the Effect of Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. ___ (2010), on Certain Provisions of Article XXVIII of the Constitution of the State of Colorado, 227 P.3d 892 (Colo. 2010), notwithstanding sections 3(4)(a) and 6(2) of article XXVIII of the state constitution, corporations and labor organizations shall not be prohibited from making independent expenditures. All such expenditures shall be disclosed in accordance with the requirements of this article and article XXVIII of the state constitution. For purposes of this article and article XXVIII of the state constitution, any use of the word “person” shall be construed to include, without limitation, any corporation or labor organization.

(3)(a) Any person that accepts a donation that is given for the purpose of making an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars or that makes an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars shall register with the appropriate officer within two business days of the date on which an aggregate amount of donations accepted or expenditures made reaches or exceeds one thousand dollars.

(b) The registration required by paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) shall include a statement listing:

(I) The person's full name, spelling out any acronyms used therein;

(II) A natural person authorized to act as a registered agent;

(III) A street address and telephone number for the principal place of operations; and

(IV) The aggregate ownership interest in the person held by foreign persons calculated as of the time the person registers with the appropriate officer under paragraph (a) of this subsection (3).

(c) If the person identified in subparagraph (I) of paragraph (b) of this subsection (3) is a corporation, a subsidiary may register on behalf of its parent corporation or for other subsi

corporation may register on behalf of all of its subsidiaries. In each such case, the registered agent of the person registering shall serve as the registered agent for all such affiliated corporations. Registration of a subsidiary shall include the name of its parent corporation as well as any names under which the subsidiary does business.

(d) If the person identified in subparagraph (I) of paragraph (b) of this subsection (3) is a labor organization, a local labor organization may register on behalf of any affiliated local, national, or international labor organization that will be making independent expenditures, and a national or international labor organization may register on behalf of any affiliated local labor organization that will be making independent expenditures. In each such case, the registered agent of the labor organization that is registering shall serve as the registered agent for each affiliated local, national, or international labor organization.

(4)(a) In addition to any other applicable disclosure requirements specified in this article or in article XXVIII of the state constitution, any person making an independent expenditure in an aggregate amount in excess of one thousand dollars in any one calendar year shall report the following to the appropriate officer:

(I) The person's full name, or, if the person is a subsidiary of a parent corporation, the full name of the parent corporation, spelling out any acronyms used therein;

(II) All names under which the person does business in the state if such names are different from the name identified pursuant to subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a);

(III) The address of the home office of the person, or, if the person is a subsidiary of a parent corporation, the home office of the parent corporation; and

(IV) The name and street address in the state of its registered agent.

(b)(I) Any person who expends an aggregate amount in excess of one thousand dollars or more per calendar year for the purpose of making an independent expenditure shall report to the appropriate officer, in accordance with the requirements of this section, the name and address of any person that, for the purpose of making an independent expenditure, donates more than two hundred fifty dollars per year to the person expending one thousand dollars or more on an independent expenditure.

(II) If the person making the donation of two hundred fifty dollars or more is a natural person, the disclosure required by subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (b) shall also include the donor's occupation and employer.

(III) If the person making the donation of two hundred fifty dollars or more is not a natural person, the disclosure required by this paragraph (b) shall also include:

(A) The donor's full name, or, if the donor is a subsidiary of a parent corporation, the full name of the parent corporation, spelling out any acronyms used therein;

(B) All names under which the donor does business in the state if such names are different from the name identified pursuant to subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (b);

(C) The address of the home office of the donor, or, if the donor is a subsidiary of a parent corporation, the home office of the parent corporation; and

(D) The name and street address in the state of the donor's registered agent.

(c) The information required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subsection (4) shall be reported in accordance with the schedule specified in section 1-45-108(2) for political committees; except that any person making an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars within thirty days before a primary or general election shall provide such report within forty-eight hours after obligating moneys for the independent expenditure.

(5)(a) In addition to any other applicable requirements provided by law, and subject to the provisions of this section, any communication that is broadcast, printed, mailed, delivered, or otherwise circulated that constitutes an independent expenditure for which the person making the independent expenditure expends in excess of one thousand dollars on the communication shall include in the communication a statement that:

(I) The communication has been “paid for by (full name of the person paying for the communication)”; and

(II) Identifies a natural person who is the registered agent if the person identified in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a) is not a natural person.

(b) In the case of a broadcast communication, the statement required by paragraph (a) of this subsection (5) shall satisfy all applicable requirements promulgated by the federal communications commission for size, duration, and placement.

(c) In the case of a nonbroadcast communication, the secretary of state shall, by rule, establish size and placement requirements for the disclaimer.

(6) Any person that expends an aggregate amount in excess of one thousand dollars on an independent expenditure in any one calendar year shall deliver written notice to the appropriate officer that shall list with specificity the name of the candidate whom the independent expenditure is intended to support or oppose. Where the independent expenditure is made within thirty days before a primary or general election, the notice required by this subsection (6) shall be delivered within forty-eight hours after the person obligates moneys for the independent expenditure.

(7) Any person that accepts any donation that is given for the purpose of making an independent expenditure or expends any moneys on an independent expenditure in an aggregate amount in excess of one thousand dollars in any one calendar year shall establish a separate account in a financial institution, and the title of the account shall indicate that it is used for such purposes. All such donations accepted by such person for the making of any such independent expenditures shall only be deposited into the account, and any moneys expended for the making of such independent expenditure shall only be withdrawn from the account. As long as the person uses a separate account for the purposes of this subsection (7), in any complaint relating to the use of the person's account, no discovery may be made of information relating to the identity of the person's members and general donors and any discovery is limited to the sources, amounts, and uses of donations deposited into and expenditures withdrawn from the account.

(8) Any person that expends moneys on an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars, regardless of the medium of the communication produced by the expenditure, shall disclose to the secretary of state, in accordance with the schedule specified in section 1-45-108(2) for political committees, any donation in excess of twenty dollars given in that reporting period for the purpose of making an independent expenditure.

(9)(a) Any person that donates one thousand dollars or more to any person during any one calendar year for the purpose of making an independent expenditure shall report the donation in accordance with the schedule specified in section 1-45-108(2) for political committees; except that no report is required for any reporting period in which no donation is made.

(b) On an annual basis, the secretary of state shall forward to the department of revenue a summary of the donation reports filed under paragraph (a) of this subsection (9) during the preceding calendar year, and the department shall use such information to ensure that no independent expenditure committee or person, or donor to such committee or person that has filed a report under paragraph (a) of this subsection (9), has deducted any amounts paid for the purpose of making one or more independent expenditures in establishing such committee's, person's, or donor's state income tax liability. The department may use its audit and enforcement authority under section 24-35-108, C.R.S., to ensure the collection of unpaid or delinquent taxes owed by independent expenditure committees, persons that have paid for independent expenditures, or donors to such committees or persons that have filed a report under paragraph (a) of this subsection (9).

(10) Any earmarked donation given for the purpose of making an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars shall be disclosed as a donation from both the original source of the donation and the person transferring the donation.

(11) On reports it files with the appropriate official, an independent expenditure committee that obligates in excess of one thousand dollars for an independent expenditure shall disclose a good faith estimate of the fair market value of the expenditure if the committee does not know the actual amount of the expenditure as of the date that a report is required to be filed with the appropriate official.

(12) All information required to be disclosed to the secretary of state under this section shall be posted on the web site of the secretary within two business days after its receipt by the secretary.

(13) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any requirement contained in this section that is applicable to a corporation shall also be applicable to a labor organization.

§ 8021. Identification of purchaser

(a) All campaign advertisements having a fair market value of $500 or more, except printed items with a surface of less than 9 square inches, shall include prominently the statement: “Paid for by [name of political committee or other person paying for such advertisement.].” For purposes of this section, “campaign advertisements” shall include any communication by a candidate committee or political party that would otherwise qualify as an independent expenditure or an electioneering communication but for the fact it was made by a candidate committee or political party.

(b) All third-party advertisements having a fair market value of $500 or more, except printed items with a surface of less than 9 square inches, shall include prominently the statement: “Paid for by [name of political committee or other person paying for such third-party advertisement. Learn more about [name of person] at [Commissioner of Elections' web address].”

(c) The Commissioner may adopt regulations regarding the size, placement and duration of the foregoing statements as the same shall apply to specific forms of campaign advertisements. In connection therewith, the Commissioner may modify or amend the foregoing statements to conform to the requirements of a particular medium (i.e., television, radio, print, Internet), and may by regulation create exemptions from the requirements hereunder where compliance is not reasonably practicable due to the small size or short duration of such advertisements. In all events, however, campaign advertisements having the same medium and duration (for example, 15-second radio advertisements or Internet advertisements having less than 200 characters) shall be subject to the same requirements.

106.1439. Electioneering communications; disclaimers

(1) Any electioneering communication, other than a telephone call, shall prominently state: “Paid electioneering communication paid for by (Name and address of person paying for the communication) .”

(2) Any electioneering communication telephone call shall identify the persons or organizations sponsoring the call by stating either: “Paid for by (insert name of persons or organizations sponsoring the call) .” or “Paid for on behalf of (insert name of persons or organizations authorizing call) .” This subsection does not apply to any telephone call in which the individual making the call is not being paid and the individuals participating in the call know each other prior to the call.

(3) Any person who fails to include the disclaimer prescribed in this section in any electioneering communication that is required to contain such disclaimer commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

[§ 11-391]. Advertisements

(a) Any advertisement shall contain:

(1) The name and address of the candidate, candidate committee, noncandidate committee, or other person paying for the advertisement; and

(2) A notice in a prominent location stating either that:

(A) The advertisement is published, broadcast, televised, or circulated with the approval and authority of the candidate; provided that an advertisement paid for by a candidate, candidate committee, or ballot issue committee does not need to include the notice; or

(B) The advertisement is published, broadcast, televised, or circulated without the approval and authority of the candidate.

(a) Any advertisement that is broadcast, televised, circulated, or published, including by electronic means, shall contain:

(1) The name and address of the candidate, candidate committee, noncandidate committee, or other person paying for the advertisement; and

(2) A notice in a prominent location stating either that:

(A) The advertisement has the approval and authority of the candidate; provided that an advertisement paid for by a candidate, candidate committee, or ballot issue committee does not need to include the notice; or

(B) The advertisement has not been approved by the candidate.

(b) The fine for violation of this section, if assessed by the commission, shall not exceed $25 for each advertisement that lacks the information required by this section, and shall not exceed an aggregate amount of $5,000.

[§ 11-393]. Identification of certain top contributors to noncandidate committees making only independent expenditures Currentness

(a) An advertisement shall contain an additional notice in a prominent location immediately after or below the notices required by section 11-391, if the advertisement is broadcast, televised, circulated, or published, including by electronic means, and is paid for by a noncandidate committee that certifies to the commission that it makes only independent expenditures. This additional notice shall start with the words, “The three top contributors for this

advertisement are”, followed by the names of the three top contributors, as defined in subsection (e), who made the highest aggregate contributions to the noncandidate committee for the purpose of funding the advertisement; provided that:

(1) If a noncandidate committee is only able to identify two top contributors who made contributions for the purpose of funding the advertisement, the additional notice shall start with the words, “The two top contributors for this advertisement are”, followed by the names of the two top contributors;

(2) If a noncandidate committee is able to identify only one top contributor who made contributions for the purpose of funding the advertisement, the additional notice shall start with the words, “The top contributor for this advertisement is”, followed by the name of the top contributor;

(3) If a noncandidate committee is unable to identify any top contributors who made contributions for the purpose of funding the advertisement, the additional notice shall start with the words, “The three top contributors for this noncandidate committee are”, followed by the names of the three top contributors who made the highest aggregate contributions to the noncandidate committee; and

(4) If there are no top contributors to the noncandidate committee, the noncandidate committee shall not be subject to this section.

In no case shall a noncandidate committee be required to identify more than three top contributors pursuant to this section.

(b) If a noncandidate committee has more than three top contributors who contributed in equal amounts, the noncandidate committee may select which of the top contributors to identify in the advertisement; provided that the top contributors not identified in the advertisement did not make a higher aggregate contribution than those top contributors who are identified in the advertisement. The additional notice required for noncandidate committees described under this subsection shall start with the words “Three of the top contributors for this advertisement are” or “Three of the top contributors to this noncandidate committee are”, as appropriate, followed by the names of the three top contributors.

(c) This section shall not apply to advertisements broadcast by radio or television of such short duration that including a list of top contributors in the advertisement would constitute a hardship to the noncandidate committee paying for the advertisement. A noncandidate committee shall be subject to all other requirements under this part regardless of whether a hardship exists pursuant to this subsection. The commission shall adopt rules pursuant to chapter 91 to establish criteria to determine when including a list of top contributors in an advertisement of short duration constitutes a hardship to a noncandidate committee under this subsection. (d) Any noncandidate committee that violates this section shall be subject to a fine under section 11-410.

(e) For purposes of this part, “top contributor” means a contributor who has contributed an aggregate amount of $10,000 or more to a noncandidate committee within a twelve-month period prior to the purchase of an advertisement.

§ 67-6614A. Publication or distribution of political statements

Whenever any person makes an expenditure for the purpose of financing communications expressly advocating the election, approval or defeat of a candidate or measure through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, direct mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising, the person responsible for such communication shall be clearly indicated on such communication.

§ 9-9.5. Disclosures in political communications.

(a) Any political committee, organized under the Election Code, that makes an expenditure for a pamphlet, circular, handbill, Internet or telephone communication, radio, television, or print advertisement, or other communication directed at voters and mentioning the name of a candidate in the next upcoming election shall ensure that the name of the political committee paying for any part of the communication, including, but not limited to, its preparation and distribution, is identified clearly within the communication as the payor. This subsection does not apply to items that are too small to contain the required disclosure. This subsection does not apply to an expenditure for the preparation or distribution of any printed communication directed at constituents of a member of the General Assembly if the expenditure is made by a political committee in accordance with subsection (c) of Section 9-8.10. Nothing in this subsection shall require disclosure on any telephone communication using random sampling or other scientific survey methods to gauge public opinion for or against any candidate or question of public policy.

Whenever any vendor or other person provides any of the services listed in this subsection, other than any telephone communication using random sampling or other scientific survey methods to gauge public opinion for or against any candidate or question of public policy, the vendor or person shall keep and maintain records showing the name and address of the person who purchased or requested the services and the amount paid for the services. The records

required by this subsection shall be kept for a period of one year after the date upon which payment was received for the services.

(b) Any political committee, organized under this Code, that makes an expenditure for a pamphlet, circular, handbill, Internet or telephone communication, radio, television, or print advertisement, or other communication directed at voters and (i) mentioning the name of a candidate in the next upcoming election, without that candidate's permission, or (ii) advocating for or against a public policy position shall ensure that the name of the political committee paying for any part of the communication, including, but not limited to, its preparation and distribution, is identified clearly within the communication. Nothing in this subsection shall require disclosure on any telephone communication using random sampling or other scientific survey methods to gauge public opinion for or against any candidate or question of public policy.

(c) A political committee organized under this Code shall not make an expenditure for any unsolicited telephone call to the line of a residential telephone customer in this State using any method to block or otherwise circumvent that customer's use of a caller identification service.

3-9-3-2.5 Communications regarding clearly identified candidates; soliciting contributions Currentness

Sec. 2.5. (a) This section does not apply to any of the following:

(1) A communication relating to an election to a federal office.

(2) A communication relating to the outcome of a public question.

(3) A communication described by this section in a medium regulated by federal law to the extent that federal law regulates the appearance, content, or placement of the communication in the medium.

(4) Bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens, and similar small items upon which the disclaimer required by this section cannot be conveniently printed.

(5) Skywriting, water towers, wearing apparel, or other means of displaying an advertisement on which the inclusion of a disclaimer would be impracticable.

(6) Checks, receipts, and similar items of minimal value that do not contain a political message and are used for purely administrative purposes.

(7) A communication by a political action committee organized and controlled by a corporation soliciting contributions to the political action committee by the stockholders, executives, or employees of the corporation and the families of those individuals.

(8) A communication by a political action committee organized and controlled by a labor organization soliciting contributions to the political action committee by the members or executive personnel of the labor organization and the families of those individuals.

(9) A direct mailing of one hundred (100) or less substantially similar pieces of mail.

(b) This section applies whenever a person:

(1) makes an expenditure for the purpose of financing communications expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate; or

(2) solicits a contribution;

through a newspaper, a magazine, an outdoor advertising facility, a poster, a yard sign, a direct mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising.

(1) The name of the candidate involved appears.

(2) A photograph or drawing of the candidate appears.

(3) The identity of the candidate is apparent by unambiguous reference.

(d) A communication described in subsection (b) must contain a disclaimer that appears and is presented in a clear and conspicuous manner to give the reader or observer adequate notice of the identity of persons who paid for and, when required, who authorized the communication. A disclaimer does not comply with this section if the disclaimer is difficult to read or if the placement of the disclaimer is easily overlooked.

(e) In addition to meeting the requirements of subsection (d), a disclaimer that appears on a printed communication described in subsection (b) must comply with the following:

(1) The disclaimer must be of sufficient type size to be clearly readable by the recipient of the communication. A disclaimer in 12 point type size satisfies the size requirement of this subdivision when the disclaimer is used for a yard sign, a poster, a flyer, a newspaper, a magazine, or a direct mailing.

(2) The disclaimer must be printed with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the printed statement. A disclaimer satisfies the color contrast requirement of this subdivision if:

(A) the disclaimer is printed in black text on a white background; or

(B) the degree of color contrast between the background and the text of the disclaimer is not less than the color contrast between the background and the largest text used in the communication.

Notwithstanding subdivisions (1) and (2), a disclaimer satisfies the requirements of this subsection if the minimum type size of the disclaimer is 7 point and the type color of the disclaimer contrasts with the background color.

(f) A communication that would require a disclaimer if distributed separately must contain the required disclaimer if included in a package of materials.

(g) This subsection does not apply to a communication, such as a billboard, that contains only a front face. The disclaimer need not appear on the front or cover page of the communication if the disclaimer appears within the communication.

(h) Except as provided in subsection (i), a communication described in subsection (b) must satisfy one (1) of the following:

(1) If the communication is paid for and authorized by:

(A) a candidate;

(B) an authorized political committee of a candidate; or

the communication must clearly state that the communication has been paid for by the authorized political committee.

(2) If the communication is paid for by other persons but authorized by:

(A) a candidate;

(B) an authorized political committee of a candidate; or

the communication must clearly state that the communication is paid for by the other persons and authorized by the authorized political committee.

(3) If the communication is not authorized by:

(A) a candidate;

(B) an authorized political committee of a candidate; or

the communication must clearly state the name of the person who paid for the communication and state that the communication is not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee.

(4) If the communication is a solicitation directed to the general public on behalf of a political committee that is not a candidate's committee, the solicitation must clearly state the full name of the person who paid for the communication.

(i) A communication by a regular party committee consisting of:

(1) a printed slate card, a sample ballot, or other printed listing of three (3) or more candidates for public office at an election;

(2) campaign materials such as handbills, brochures, posters, party tabloids or newsletters, and yard signs distributed by volunteers and used by the regular party committee in connection with volunteer activities on behalf of any nominee of the party; or

(3) materials distributed by volunteers as part of the regular party's voter registration or get-out-the-vote efforts;

must clearly state the name of the person who paid for the communication but is not required to state that the communication is authorized by any candidate or committee.

68A.405. Attribution statement on published material

1. a. For purposes of this subsection:

(1) “Individual” includes a candidate for public office who has not filed a statement of organization under section 68A.201.

(2) “Organization” includes an organization established to advocate the passage or defeat of a ballot issue but that has not filed a statement of organization under section 68A.201.

(3) “Published material” means any newspaper, magazine, shopper, outdoor advertising facility, poster, direct mailing, brochure, internet site, campaign sign, or any other form of printed general public political advertising. “Published material” includes television, video, or motion picture advertising.

b. (1) Except as set out in subsection 2, published material designed to expressly advocate the nomination, election, or defeat of a candidate for public office or the passage or defeat of a ballot issue shall include on the published material an attribution statement disclosing who is responsible for the published material.

(2) The person who is responsible for the published material has the sole responsibility and liability for the attribution statement required by this section.

c. If the person paying for the published material is an individual, the words “paid for by” and the name and address of the person shall appear on the material.

d. If more than one individual is responsible, the words “paid for by”, the names of the individuals, and either the addresses of the individuals or a statement that the addresses of the individuals are on file with the Iowa ethics and campaign disclosure board shall appear on the material.

e. If the person responsible is an organization, the words “paid for by”, the name and address of the organization, and the name of one officer of the organization shall appear on the material.

f. If the person responsible is a corporation, the words “paid for by”, the name and address of the corporation, and the name and title of the corporation's chief executive officer shall appear on the material. g. If the person responsible is a committee that has filed a statement of organization pursuant to section 68A.201, the words “paid for by” and the name of the committee shall appear on the material. h. If the published material is the result of an independent expenditure subject to section 68A.404, the published material shall include a statement that the published material was not authorized by any candidate, candidate's committee, or ballot issue committee.

2. The requirement to include an attribution statement does not apply to any of the following:

a. The editorials or news articles of a newspaper, magazine, television station, or other print or electronic media that are not paid political advertisements.

b. Small items upon which the inclusion of the statement is impracticable including but not limited to campaign signs as provided in section 68A.406, subsection 3, bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens, political business cards, and matchbooks.

c. T-shirts, caps, and other articles of clothing.

d. Any published material that is subject to federal regulations regarding an attribution requirement.

e. Any material published by an individual, acting independently, who spends one hundred dollars or less of the individual's own money to advocate the passage or defeat of a ballot issue.

3. For television, video, or motion picture advertising, the attribution statement shall be displayed on the screen in a clearly readable manner for at least four seconds.

4. The board shall adopt rules relating to the placing of an attribution statement on published materials.

25-4156. Charges for space in newspapers and other periodicals; excess charges; corrupt political advertising; misdemeanor

(a)(1) Whenever any person sells space in any newspaper, magazine or other periodical to a candidate or to a candidate committee, party committee or political committee, the charge made for the use of such space shall not exceed the charges made for comparable use of such space for other purposes.

(2) Intentionally charging an excessive amount for political advertising is a class A misdemeanor.

(b)(1) Corrupt political advertising of a state or local office is:

(A) Publishing or causing to be published in a newspaper or other periodical any paid matter which expressly advocates the nomination, election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for a state or local office, unless such matter is followed by the word “advertisement” or the abbreviation “adv.” in a separate line together with the name of the chairperson or treasurer of the political or other organization sponsoring the same or the name of the individual who is responsible therefor;

(B) broadcasting or causing to be broadcast by any radio or television station any paid matter which expressly advocates the nomination, election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for a state or local office, unless such matter is followed by a statement which states: “Paid for” or “Sponsored by” followed by the name of the sponsoring organization and the name of the chairperson or treasurer of the political or other organization sponsoring the same or the name of the individual who is responsible therefor;

(C) telephoning or causing to be contacted by any telephonic means including, but not limited to, any device using a voice over internet protocol or wireless telephone, any paid matter which expressly advocates the nomination, election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for a state or local office, unless such matter is preceded by a

statement which states: “Paid for” or “Sponsored by” followed by the name of the sponsoring organization and the name of the chairperson or treasurer of the political or other organization sponsoring the same or the name of the individual who is responsible therefor;

(D) publishing or causing to be published any brochure, flier or other political fact sheet which expressly advocates the nomination, election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for a state or local office, unless such matter is followed by a statement which states: “Paid for” or “Sponsored by” followed by the name of the chairperson or treasurer of the political or other organization sponsoring the same or the name of the individual who is responsible therefor.

The provisions of this subparagraph (D) requiring the disclosure of the name of an individual shall not apply to individuals making expenditures in an aggregate amount of less than $2,500 within a calendar year; or

(E) making or causing to be made any website, e-mail or other type of internet communication which expressly advocates the nomination, election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate for a state or local office, unless such matter is followed by a statement which states: “Paid for” or “Sponsored by” followed by the name of the chairperson or treasurer of the political or other organization sponsoring the same or the name of the individual who is responsible therefor.

The provisions of this subparagraph (E) requiring the disclosure of the name of an individual shall apply only to any website, e-mail or other type of internet communication which is made by the candidate, the candidate's candidate committee, a political committee or a party committee and such website, e-mail or other internet communication viewed by or disseminated to at least 25 individuals. For the purposes of this subparagraph, the terms “candidate,” “candidate committee,” “party committee” and “political committee” shall have the meanings ascribed to them in K.S.A. 25-4143, and amendments thereto.

(2) Corrupt political advertising of a state or local office is a class C misdemeanor.

(c) If any provision of this section or application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this section which can be given effect without the invalid application or provision, and to this end the provisions of this section are declared to be severable.

121.190 Identification of contributors and advertisers

(1) All newspaper or magazine advertising, posters, circulars, billboards, handbills, sample ballots, and paid-for television or radio announcements which expressly advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate, slate of candidates, or group of candidates for nomination or election to any public office shall be identified by the words “paid for by” followed by the name and address of the individual or committee which paid for the communication; except that if paid for by a candidate, slate of candidates, or campaign committee, it shall be identified only by the words “paid for by” followed by the name of the candidate, slate of candidates, or campaign committee, whichever is applicable. For television and radio broadcasts, compliance with Federal Communications Commission regulations regarding sponsored programs and broadcasts by candidates for public office shall be considered compliance with this section.

(2) The management of newspapers and magazines shall keep a one (1) year record of all statements, articles, or advertisements referred to in subsection (1) of this section, that appear in their publications, however, nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall be construed to require editors or editorial writers of newspapers and magazines to identify themselves in the manner therein required with any article or editorial written by them as part of their duties as an employee or employer.

§1463.1. Telephone campaign communications; disclosure

A. The Legislature of Louisiana finds that the state has a compelling interest in protecting the integrit of the electoral process and in assuring that the voters are able to know who is responsible for telephone campaign communications in order to more properly evaluate the statements contained in them and to cast a more informed vote. The legislature further finds that it is essential to the protection of the electoral process to prohibit misrepresentation that a person, committee, or organization speaks on behalf of a candidate, political committee, or an agent thereof.

B.(1) No person shall make or cause to be made any telephone call or automated call expressly advocating support or opposition of a candidate, or elected public official, or ballot proposition unless the call identifies the source of the call as provided in this Section.

(2) The source of a call shall be identified as follows:

(a) If the call is paid for and authorized by a candidate, a principal or subsidiary committee of a candidate, or an agent of a candidate or of such a committee, the call shall clearly state that the call has been paid for by the candidate or the committee, as applicable.

(b) If the call is authorized by a candidate, a principal or subsidiary committee of a candidate, or an agent of a candidate or of such a committee, but is paid for by any other person, the call shall clearly state that the call is authorized by such candidate or committee, or agent on behalf of such candidate or committee, as applicable.

(c) If the call is authorized by a political committee that is not a principal or subsidiary committee of a candidate, or by an agent of such a committee, and is paid for by such committee or agent or by any other person, the call shall clearly state that the call is authorized by such committee.

(d) If the call is not authorized by a candidate, a principal or subsidiary committee of a candidate, any other political committee, or an agent of a candidate or of a political committee, and is paid for by any other person, the call shall clearly state who authorized the call.

(3) This Subsection shall not apply to:

(a) Any telephone call in which the individual making the call is not being paid and the individuals participating in the call knew each other prior to the call.

(b) Any telephone call or automated call that is conducted to collect information, including message testing, or for the purpose of polling respondents concerning a candidate, elected public official, or ballot proposition, which is a part of a series of like telephone calls that consists of fewer than one thousand five hundred completed calls that average more than two minutes in duration. Such a call is presumed to be a scientific poll and not a campaign communication subject to the provisions of this Subsection.

C.(1) No person shall make or cause to be made any telephone call or automated call that states or implies that the caller represents any candidate, political committee, or any other person or organization unless the candidate, political committee, person, or organization so represented has given specific approval to the person paying for the call in writing to make such representation. The person who pays for any call subject to the provisions of this Section shall maintain records of all such calls. The person shall also maintain a copy of all such written approvals he has received as required by this Paragraph and shall file a copy of each with the secretary of state before the calls authorized by such approval commence. The filing may be accomplished by facsimile transmission as long as within two days, exclusive of legal holidays, the original approvals received are forwarded by United States mail to the secretary of state.

(2)(a) No person shall make or cause to be made any telephone call or automated call supporting or opposing a candidate, with the knowledge and cooperation of a candidate or a political committee of a candidate, unless the person has received the prior written approval of such candidate or committee.

(b) A copy of each written approval required by this Subsection shall be filed with the secretary of state by the candidate prior to the time the calls authorized by such approval commence. The filing may be accomplished by facsimile transmission as long as within two days, exclusive of legal holidays, the original approvals received are forwarded by United States mail to the secretary of state.

D. For purposes of this Section, the following terms shall have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

(1) "Automated call" includes any call using a prerecorded or artificial voice as part of a calling campaign to deliver information.

(2) "Candidate", "person", "political committee" or "committee", "principal campaign committee", "subsidiary committee", and "public office" shall have the meanings provided in R.S. 18:1483.

(3) "Elected public official" means an individual who holds public office.

(4) "Message testing" means studying for research purposes how individuals react to positive or negative information on a candidate, elected public official, or ballot proposition.

E. Whoever violates any provision of this Section may be punished by a civil fine not to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars. Upon a second or subsequent violation, the penalty shall be a civil fine not to exceed five thousand dollars.

Acts 2008, No. 810, §1.

§ 1014. Publication or distribution of political communications

Authorized by candidate. Whenever a person makes an expenditure to finance a communication expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate through broadcasting stations, cable television systems, newspapers, magazines, campaign signs or other outdoor advertising facilities, publicly accessible sites on the Internet, direct mails or other similar types of general public political advertising or through flyers, handbills, bumper stickers and other nonperiodical publications, the communication, if authorized by a candidate, a candidate's authorized political committee or their agents, must clearly and conspicuously state that the communication has been so authorized and must clearly state the name and address of the person who made or financed the expenditure for the communication, except that if the communication is broadcast by radio, only the city and state of the address must be stated. The following forms of political communication do not require the name and address of the person who made or authorized the expenditure for the communication because the name or address would be so small as to be illegible or infeasible: ashtrays, badges and badge holders, balloons, campaign buttons, clothing, coasters, combs, emery boards, envelopes, erasers, glasses, key rings, letter openers, matchbooks, nail files, noisemakers, paper and plastic cups, pencils, pens, plastic tableware, 12-inch or shorter rulers, swizzle sticks, tickets to fund-raisers, electronic media advertisements where compliance with this section would be impracticable due to size or character limitations and similar items determined by the commission to be too small and unnecessary for the disclosures required by this section. A communication financed by a candidate or the candidate's committee is not required to state the address of the candidate or committee that financed the communication. A communication in the form of a sign that is financed by a candidate or the candidate's committee and that clearly identifies the name of the candidate and is lettered or printed individually by hand is not required to include the name and address of the person who made or financed the communication or to include a statement that the communication has been authorized by the candidate, the candidate's authorized committee or their agents.
Not authorized by candidate. If the communication described in subsection 1 is not authorized by a candidate, a candidate's authorized political committee or their agents, the communication must clearly and conspicuously state that the communication is not authorized by any candidate and state the name and address of the person who made or financed the expenditure for the communication, except that a communication broadcast by radio is only required to state the city and state of the address of the person that financed the communication. If the communication is in written form, the communication must contain at the bottom of the communication in print that is no smaller in size than 12-point bold print, Times New Roman font, the words “NOT PAID FOR OR AUTHORIZED BY ANY CANDIDATE.”

2-A. Other communications. Whenever a person makes an expenditure to finance a communication that names or depicts a clearly identified candidate and that is disseminated during the 21 days before a primary election or 35 days before a general election through the media described in subsection 1, the communication must state the name and address of the person who made or financed the communication and a statement that the communication was or was not authorized by the candidate, except that a communication broadcast by radio is only required to state the city and state of the address of the person that financed the communication. The disclosure is not required if the communication was not made for the purpose of influencing the candidate's nomination for election or election.

Broadcasting prohibited without disclosure. No person operating a broadcasting station or cable television system within this State may broadcast any communication, as described in subsections 1 to 2-A, without an oral or written visual announcement of the disclosure required by this section.

3-A. In-kind contributions of printed materials. A candidate, political committee or political action committee shall report on the campaign finance report as a contribution to the candidate, political committee or political action committee any contributions of in-kind printed materials to be used in the support of a candidate or in the support or defeat of a ballot question. Any in-kind contributions of printed materials used or distributed by a candidate, political committee or political action committee must include the name or title of that candidate, political committee or political action committee as the authorizing agent for the printing and distribution of the in-kind contribution.

3-B. Newspapers. A newspaper may not publish a communication described in subsections 1 to 2-A without including the disclosure required by this section. For purposes of this subsection, “newspaper” includes any printed material intended for general circulation or to be read by the general public, including a version of the newspaper displayed on a website owned or operated by the newspaper. When necessary, a newspaper may seek the advice of the commission regarding whether or not the communication requires the disclosure.

Enforcement. A violation of this section may result in a civil penalty of no more than $5,000, except that an expenditure for yard signs lacking the required information may result in a maximum civil penalty of $200. In assessing a civil penalty, the commission shall consider, among other things, how widely the communication was disseminated, whether the violation was intentional, whether the violation occurred as the result of an error by a printer or other paid vendor and whether the communication conceals or misrepresents the identity of the person who financed it. If the person who financed the communication or who committed the violation corrects the violation within 10 days after receiving notification of the violation from the commission by adding the missing information to the communication, the commission may decide to assess no civil penalty.
Telephone calls. Prerecorded automated telephone calls and scripted live telephone communications that name a clearly identified candidate during the 21 days before a primary election or the 35 days before a general election must clearly state the name of the person who made or financed the expenditure for the communication, except for prerecorded automated telephone calls paid for by the candidate that use the candidate's voice in the telephone call and that are made in support of that candidate. Telephone calls made for the purposes of researching the views of voters are not required to include the disclosure.
Exclusions. The requirements of this section do not apply to:
Handbills or other literature produced and distributed at a cost not exceeding $100 and prepared by one or more individuals who are not required to register or file campaign finance reports with the commission and who are acting independently of and without authorization by a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee or an agent of a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee;
Campaign signs produced and distributed at a cost not exceeding $100, paid for by one or more individuals who are not required to register or file campaign finance reports with the commission and who are acting independently of and without authorization by a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee or an agent of a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee; and
Internet and e-mail activities costing less than $100, as excluded by rule of the commission, paid for by one or more individuals who are not required to register or file campaign finance reports with the commission and who are acting independently of and without authorization by a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee or an agent of a candidate, candidate's authorized campaign committee, party committee, political action committee or ballot question committee.

§ 13-401. Authority lines required in campaign materials

In general

(a)(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, each item of campaign material shall contain, set apart from any other message, an authority line that states:

(i) as to campaign material published or distributed by a campaign finance entity:

the name and address of the treasurer of each campaign finance entity responsible for the campaign material; and
as to each treasurer named under item 1 of this item, the name of each campaign finance entity for which the treasurer is acting; and

(ii) as to campaign material published or distributed by any other person, the name and address of the person responsible for the campaign material.

(2) The authority line may omit an address that is on file with the State Board or a local board.

(3) If the campaign material is too small to include all the information specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection in a legible manner, the authority line need only contain the name and title of the treasurer or other person responsible for it.

(4) The authority line for campaign material that is a commercial advertisement need only contain the information specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection for one campaign finance entity or other person responsible for the advertisement.

Campaign materials not authorized by candidate

(b) Campaign material that is published or distributed in support of or in opposition to a candidate, but is not authorized by the candidate, shall include the following statement:

“This message has been authorized and paid for by (name of payor or any organization affiliated with the payor), (name and title of treasurer or president). This message has not been authorized or approved by any candidate.”

§ 13-404. Campaign material transmitted through electronic media

Electric media defined

(a) In this section, “electronic media” means any electronic medium, except television or radio, that may be used to transmit campaign material.

Regulations

(b) The State Board shall adopt regulations governing the application of §§ 13-401 and 13-403 of this subtitle to campaign material transmitted through electronic media.

Scope of regulations

(1) shall define what constitutes “publication” or “distribution” of campaign material through electronic media under § 1-101(k) of this article;

(2) shall require public disclosure of the identity of persons who are responsible for transmitting campaign material through electronic media; and

(3) may modify the requirements of §§ 13-401 and 13-403 of this subtitle as they apply to electronic media to the extent necessary to accommodate a particular technology.

§ 18G. Independent expenditure or electioneering communication; disclosure statement regarding identity of financially responsible individual or entity; form; penalty for violation

An independent expenditure or electioneering communication which is transmitted through paid radio, television or internet advertising shall include a statement disclosing the identity of the individual, corporation, group or association paying for the advertisement. If the independent expenditure or electioneering communication is a radio or television advertisement, the advertisement shall include a statement by the individual paying for the advertisement in which the person acknowledges that he paid for the message and his city or town of residence. If the radio or television advertisement is paid for by a corporation, group, association or a labor union, the following statement shall be made by the chief executive officer of the corporation, the chairman or principal officer of the group or association or the chief executive or business manager of a labor union: “I am _________________ (name) the ______________________ (office held) of _____________________ (name of corporation, group, association or labor union) and ______________ (name of corporation, group, association or labor union) approves and paid for this message.” Such statements in television advertisements shall be conveyed by an unobscured, full-screen view of the person making the statement. If an independent expenditure or electioneering communication is transmitted through internet advertising, the statement shall appear in a clearly readable manner with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the printed statement.

Whoever violates this section shall be punished by imprisonment in the house of correction for not more than 1 year or by a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.

§ 169.247. Printed matter or radio or television paid advertisement having reference to election, candidate, or ballot question; identification or disclaimer; size and placement; exceptions; violation; penalty; prerecorded telephone message

Sec. 47. (1) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection and subject to subsections (3) and (4), a billboard, placard, poster, pamphlet, or other printed matter having reference to an election, a candidate, or a ballot question, shall bear upon it the name and address of the person paying for the matter. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection and subject to subsections (3) and (4), if the printed matter relating to a candidate is an independent expenditure that is not authorized in writing by the candidate committee of that candidate, the printed matter shall contain the following disclaimer: “Not authorized by any candidate committee”. An individual other than a candidate is not subject to this subsection if the individual is acting independently and not acting as an agent for a candidate or any committee. This subsection does not apply to communications between a separate segregated fund established under section 551 and individuals who can be solicited for contributions to that separate segregated fund under section 55.

(2) A radio or television paid advertisement having reference to an election, a candidate, or a ballot question shall identify the sponsoring person as required by the federal communications commission, shall bear the name of the person paying for the advertisement, and shall be in compliance with subsection (3) and with the following:

(a) If the radio or television paid advertisement relates to a candidate and is an independent expenditure, the advertisement shall contain the following disclaimer: “Not authorized by any candidate”.

(b) If the radio or television paid advertisement relates to a candidate and is not an independent expenditure but is paid for by a person other than the candidate to which it is related, the advertisement shall contain the following disclaimer:

“Authorized by”.

(name of candidate or name of candidate committee)

(3) The size and placement of an identification or disclaimer required by this section shall be determined by rules promulgated by the secretary of state. The rules may exempt printed matter and certain other items such as campaign buttons or balloons, the size of which makes it unreasonable to add an identification or disclaimer, from the identification or disclaimer required by this section.

(4) Except for a communication described in subsection (5) and except for a candidate committee's printed matter or radio or television paid advertisements, each identification or disclaimer required by this section shall also indicate that the printed matter or radio or television paid advertisement is paid for “with regulated funds”. Printed matter or a radio or television paid advertisement that is not subject to this act shall not bear the statement required by this subsection.

(5) A communication otherwise entirely exempted from this act under section 6(2)(j)2 is subject only to the identification required by subsection (1), (2), or (8) if that communication references a clearly identified candidate or ballot question within 60 days before a general election or 30 days before a primary election in which the candidate or ballot question appears on a ballot and is targeted to the relevant electorate where the candidate or ballot question appears on the ballot by means of radio, television, mass mailing, or prerecorded telephone message.

(6) A person who knowingly violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000.00, or imprisonment for not more than 93 days, or both.

(7) As used in this section, “mass mailing” means a mailing by United States mail or facsimile of more than 500 pieces of mail matter of an identical or substantially similar nature within any 30-day period.

(8) A prerecorded telephone message that in express terms advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate, or the qualification, passage, or defeat of a ballot question, shall contain the name and telephone number, address, or other contact information of the person paying for the prerecorded telephone message, and shall be in compliance with subsection (4).

§ 10A.17. Expenditures

Subdivision 1. Authorization. A political committee, political fund, principal campaign committee, or party unit may not expend money unless the expenditure is authorized by the treasurer or deputy treasurer of that committee, fund, or party unit.

Subd. 2. Written authorization. An individual or association may not make an approved expenditure of more than $20 without receiving written authorization from the treasurer of the principal campaign committee of the candidate who approved the expenditure stating the amount that may be spent and the purpose of the expenditure.

Subd. 3. Petty cash. The treasurer or deputy treasurer of a political committee, principal campaign committee, or party unit may sign vouchers for petty cash of up to $100 per week for statewide elections or $20 per week for legislative elections, to be used for miscellaneous expenditures.

Subd. 3a. Personal loans. A principal campaign committee, political committee, political fund, or party unit may not lend money it has raised to anyone for purposes not related to the conduct of a campaign.

Subd. 4. Independent expenditures. An individual, political committee, political fund, principal campaign committee, or party unit that independently solicits or accepts contributions or makes independent expenditures on behalf of a candidate must publicly disclose that the expenditure is an independent expenditure. All written communications with those from whom contributions are independently solicited or accepted or to whom independent expenditures are made on behalf of a candidate must contain a statement in conspicuous type that the activity is an independent expenditure and is not approved by the candidate nor is the candidate responsible for it. Similar language must be included in all oral communications, in conspicuous type on the front page of all literature and advertisements published or posted, and at the end of all broadcast advertisements made by that individual, political committee, political fund, principal campaign committee, or party unit on the candidate's behalf.

Subd. 5. Penalty. A person who violates subdivision 2 is subject to a civil penalty imposed by the board of up to $1,000. A person who knowingly violates subdivision 3a or 4 or falsely claims that an expenditure was an independent expenditure is guilty of a gross misdemeanor and subject to a civil penalty imposed by the board of up to $3,000.

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

§ 130.031. Restrictions and limitations on contributions--records required--anonymous contributions, how handled--campaign materials, sponsor to be identified--prizes prohibited

64. No contribution of cash in an amount of more than one hundred dollars shall be made by or accepted from any single contributor for any election by a continuing committee, a campaign committee, a political party committee, an exploratory committee or a candidate committee.

65. Except for expenditures from a petty cash fund which is established and maintained by withdrawals of funds from the committee's depository account and with records maintained pursuant to the record-keeping requirements of section 130.036 to account for expenditures made from petty cash, each expenditure of more than fifty dollars, except an in-kind expenditure, shall be made by check drawn on the committee's depository and signed by the committee treasurer, deputy treasurer or candidate. A single expenditure from a petty cash fund shall not exceed fifty dollars, and the aggregate of all expenditures from a petty cash fund during a calendar year shall not exceed the lesser of five thousand dollars or ten percent of all expenditures made by the committee during that calendar year. A check made payable to “cash” shall not be made except to replenish a petty cash fund.

66. No contribution shall be made or accepted and no expenditure shall be made or incurred, directly or indirectly, in a fictitious name, in the name of another person, or by or through another person in such a manner as to conceal the identity of the actual source of the contribution or the actual recipient and purpose of the expenditure. Any person who receives contributions for a committee shall disclose to that committee's treasurer, deputy treasurer or candidate the recipient's own name and address and the name and address of the actual source of each contribution such person has received for that committee. Any person who makes expenditures for a committee shall disclose to that committee's treasurer, deputy treasurer or candidate such person's own name and address, the name and address of each person to whom an expenditure has been made and the amount and purpose of the expenditures the person has made for that committee.

67. No anonymous contribution of more than twenty-five dollars shall be made by any person, and no anonymous contribution of more than twenty-five dollars shall be accepted by any candidate or committee. If any anonymous contribution of more than twenty-five dollars is received, it shall be returned immediately to the contributor, if the contributor's identity can be ascertained, and if the contributor's identity cannot be ascertained, the candidate, committee treasurer or deputy treasurer shall immediately transmit that portion of the contribution which exceeds twenty-five dollars to the state treasurer and it shall escheat to the state.

68. The maximum aggregate amount of anonymous contributions which shall be accepted in any calendar year by any committee shall be the greater of five hundred dollars or one percent of the aggregate amount of all contributions received by that committee in the same calendar year. If any anonymous contribution is received which causes the aggregate total of anonymous contributions to exceed the foregoing limitation, it shall be returned immediately to the contributor, if the contributor's identity can be ascertained, and, if the contributor's identity cannot be ascertained, the committee treasurer, deputy treasurer or candidate shall immediately transmit the anonymous contribution to the state treasurer to escheat to the state.

69. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 5 of this section, contributions from individuals whose names and addresses cannot be ascertained which are received from a fund-raising activity or event, such as defined in section 130.011, shall not be deemed anonymous contributions, provided the following conditions are met:

(1) There are twenty-five or more contributing participants in the activity or event;

(2) The candidate, committee treasurer, deputy treasurer or the person responsible for conducting the activity or event makes an announcement that it is illegal for anyone to make or receive a contribution in excess of one hundred dollars unless the contribution is accompanied by the name and address of the contributor;

(3) The person responsible for conducting the activity or event does not knowingly accept payment from any single person of more than one hundred dollars unless the name and address of the person making such payment is obtained and recorded pursuant to the record-keeping requirements of section 130.036;

(4) A statement describing the event shall be prepared by the candidate or the treasurer of the committee for whom the funds were raised or by the person responsible for conducting the activity or event and attached to the disclosure report of contributions and expenditures required by section 130.041. The following information to be listed in the statement is in addition to, not in lieu of, the requirements elsewhere in this chapter relating to the recording and reporting of contributions and expenditures:

(a) The name and mailing address of the person or persons responsible for conducting the event or activity and the name and address of the candidate or committee for whom the funds were raised;

(b) The date on which the event occurred;

(c) The name and address of the location where the event occurred and the approximate number of participants in the event;

(d) A brief description of the type of event and the fund-raising methods used;

(e) The gross receipts from the event and a listing of the expenditures incident to the event;

(f) The total dollar amount of contributions received from the event from participants whose names and addresses were not obtained with such contributions and an explanation of why it was not possible to obtain the names and addresses of such participants;

(g) The total dollar amount of contributions received from contributing participants in the event who are identified by name and address in the records required to be maintained pursuant to section 130.036.

70. No candidate or committee in this state shall accept contributions from any out-of-state committee unless the out-of-state committee from whom the contributions are received has filed a statement of organization pursuant to section 130.021 or has filed the reports required by sections 130.049 and 130.050, whichever is applicable to that committee.

71. Any person publishing, circulating, or distributing any printed matter relative to any candidate for public office or any ballot measure shall on the face of the printed matter identify in a clear and conspicuous manner the person who paid for the printed matter with the words “Paid for by” followed by the proper identification of the sponsor pursuant to this section. For the purposes of this section, “printed matter” shall be defined to include any pamphlet, circular, handbill, sample ballot, advertisement, including advertisements in any newspaper or other periodical, sign, including signs for display on motor vehicles, or other imprinted or lettered material; but “printed matter” is defined to exclude materials printed and purchased prior to May 20, 1982, if the candidate or committee can document that delivery took place prior to May 20, 1982; any sign personally printed and constructed by an individual without compensation from any other person and displayed at that individual's place of residence or on that individual's personal motor vehicle; any items of personal use given away or sold, such as campaign buttons, pins, pens, pencils, book matches, campaign jewelry, or clothing, which is paid for by a candidate or committee which supports a candidate or supports or opposes a ballot measure and which is obvious in its identification with a specific candidate or committee and is reported as required by this chapter; and any news story, commentary, or editorial printed by a regularly published newspaper or other periodical without charge to a candidate, committee or any other person.

(1) In regard to any printed matter paid for by a candidate from the candidate's personal funds, it shall be sufficient identification to print the first and last name by which the candidate is known.

(2) In regard to any printed matter paid for by a committee, it shall be sufficient identification to print the name of the committee as required to be registered by subsection 5 of section 130.021 and the name and title of the committee treasurer who was serving when the printed matter was paid for.

(3) In regard to any printed matter paid for by a corporation or other business entity, labor organization, or any other organization not defined to be a committee by subdivision (7) of section 130.011 and not organized especially for influencing one or more elections, it shall be sufficient identification to print the name of the entity, the name of the principal officer of the entity, by whatever title known, and the mailing address of the entity, or if the entity has no mailing address, the mailing address of the principal officer.

(4) In regard to any printed matter paid for by an individual or individuals, it shall be sufficient identification to print the name of the individual or individuals and the respective mailing address or addresses, except that if more than five individuals join in paying for printed matter it shall be sufficient identification to print the words “For a list of other sponsors contact:” followed by the name and address of one such individual responsible for causing the matter to be printed, and the individual identified shall maintain a record of the names and amounts paid by other individuals and shall make such record available for review upon the request of any person. No person shall accept for publication or printing nor shall such work be completed until the printed matter is properly identified as required by this subsection.

72. Any broadcast station transmitting any matter relative to any candidate for public office or ballot measure as defined by this chapter shall identify the sponsor of such matter as required by federal law.

73. The provisions of subsection1 8 or 9 of this section shall not apply to candidates for elective federal office, provided that persons causing matter to be printed or broadcast concerning such candidacies shall comply with the requirements of federal law for identification of the sponsor or sponsors.

74. It shall be a violation of this chapter for any person required to be identified as paying for printed matter pursuant to subsection 8 of this section or paying for broadcast matter pursuant to subsection 9 of this section to refuse to provide the information required or to purposely provide false, misleading, or incomplete information.

75. It shall be a violation of this chapter for any committee to offer chances to win prizes or money to persons to encourage such persons to endorse, send election material by mail, deliver election material in person or contact persons at their homes; except that, the provisions of this subsection shall not be construed to prohibit hiring and paying a campaign staff.

§ 13-35-225. Election materials not to be anonymous--statement of accuracy--notice--penalty

(1) All communications advocating the success or defeat of a candidate, political party, or ballot issue through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, direct mailing, poster, handbill, bumper sticker, internet website, or other form of general political advertising must clearly and conspicuously include the attribution “paid for by” followed by the name and address of the person who made or financed the expenditure for the communication. The attribution must contain:

(a) for election material financed by a candidate or a candidate's campaign finances, the name and the address of the candidate or the candidate's campaign; and

(b) for election material financed by a political committee, the name of the committee, the name of the committee treasurer, and the address of the committee or the committee treasurer.

(2) Communications in a partisan election financed by a candidate or a political committee organized on the candidate's behalf must state the candidate's party affiliation or include the party symbol.

(3)(a) Printed election material described in subsection (1) that includes information about another candidate's voting record must include the following:

(i) a reference to the particular vote or votes upon which the information is based;

(ii) a disclosure of contrasting votes known to have been made by the candidate on the same issue if the contrasting votes were made in any of the previous 6 years; and

(iii) a statement, signed as provided in subsection (3)(b), that to the best of the signer's knowledge, the statements made about the other candidate's voting record are accurate and true.

(b) The statement required under subsection (3)(a) must be signed:

(i) by the candidate if the election material was prepared for the candidate or the candidate's political committee and includes information about another candidate's voting record; or

(ii) by the person financing the communication or the person's legal agent if the election material was not prepared for a candidate or a candidate's political committee.

(4) If a document or other article of advertising is too small for the requirements of subsections (1) through (3) to be conveniently included, the candidate responsible for the material or the person financing the communication shall file a copy of the article with the commissioner of political practices, together with the required information or statement, at the time of its public distribution.

(5) If information required in subsections (1) through (3) is omitted or not printed, upon discovery of or notification about the omission, the candidate responsible for the material or the person financing the communication shall:

(a) file notification of the omission with the commissioner of political practices within 5 days of the discovery or notification;

(b) bring the material into compliance with subsections (1) through (3); and

(6) Whenever the commissioner receives a complaint alleging a violation of subsection (1) or (2), the commissioner shall as soon as practicable assess the merits of the complaint.

(7)(a) If the commissioner determines that the complaint has merit, the commissioner shall notify the complainant and the candidate or political committee of the commissioner's determination. The notice must state that the candidate or political committee shall bring the material into compliance as required under this section:

(i) within 5 days after receiving the notification if the notification occurs more than 7 days prior to an election; or

(ii) within 24 hours after receiving the notification if the notification occurs 7 days or less prior to an election.

(b) When notifying the candidate or campaign committee under subsection (7)(a), the commissioner shall include a statement that if the candidate or political committee fails to bring the material into compliance as required under this section, the candidate or political committee is subject to a civil penalty pursuant to 13-37-128.

§ 294A.348. Disclosures and statements required on certain public political advertising and Internet communication

64. A person, committee for political action, political party or committee sponsored by a political party that expends more than $100 for the purpose of financing a communication through any television or radio broadcast, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing or any other type of general public political advertising that:

(a) Advocates expressly the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate or group of candidates; or

(b) Solicits a contribution through any television or radio broadcast, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing or any other type of general public political advertising,

shall disclose on the communication the name of the person, committee for political action, political party or committee sponsored by a political party that paid for the communication.

65. If a communication described in subsection 1 is approved by a candidate, in addition to the requirements of subsection 1, the communication must state that the candidate approved the communication and disclose the street address, telephone number and Internet address, if any, of the person, committee for political action, political party or committee sponsored by a political party that paid for the communication.

66. A person, committee for political action, political party or committee sponsored by a political party that has an Internet website available for viewing by the general public or that sends out an electronic mailing to more than 500 people that:

(a) Advocates expressly the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate or group of candidates; or

(b) Solicits a contribution through any television or radio broadcast, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing or any other type of general public political advertising,

shall disclose on the Internet website or electronic mailing, as applicable, the name of the person, committee for political action, political party or committee sponsored by a political party.

67. The disclosures and statements required pursuant to this section must be clear and conspicuous, and easy to read or hear, as applicable.

§ 664:14 Signature, Identification, and Lack of Authorization.

64. All political advertising shall be signed at the beginning or the end with the names and addresses of the candidate, his fiscal agent, or the name and address of the chairman or the treasurer of a political committee, or the name and address of a natural person, according to whether a candidate, political committee, or natural person is responsible for it. Said signature shall clearly designate the name of the candidate, party or political committee by or on whose behalf the same is published or broadcast.

65. Political advertising to promote the success or defeat of a measure by a business organization, labor union, or other enterprise or organization shall be signed. The name of the enterprise or organization shall be indicated and the chairman or treasurer of the enterprise or organization shall sign his name and address. Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit contributions which are prohibited under RSA 664:4.

III. In the case of printed or written matter, the signature and address of signer shall be printed or written in a size of type or lettering large enough to be clearly legible.

66. (a) In the case of political advertising broadcast on radio, television, or any public address system, the name and address of the signer shall be clearly identified.

(b) All political advertising broadcast on television shall identify the name of the candidate who pays for the advertisement or whose advertisement is paid for by a campaign committee. Such identification shall be made both aurally and visually. The visual presentation shall be clearly legible and shall use letters equal to or greater than 12 percent of the vertical picture height and shall air for not less than 4 seconds at the conclusion of the broadcast. For the purpose of this section, “campaign committee” means any committee established to elect a particular candidate to office, including raising funds for that purpose.

67. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, buttons or any printed or written political advertising which is attached to or displayed on any motor vehicle need not be signed.

68. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any advertising in support of or in opposition to a candidate by a political committee shall comply with this paragraph. If the advertising is not authorized by the candidate or candidate committee, the advertising shall so state and shall identify the sponsor of the advertisement. All such political advertising shall include the statement: “This advertisement has been paid for by (name of sponsor) and has not been authorized by any candidate.” Such statement shall be made both aurally and visually if broadcast on television. The visual presentation on television shall be clearly legible and shall use letters equal to or greater than 12 percent of the vertical picture height and shall be broadcast for not less than 4 seconds at the conclusion of the advertisement.

VII. Any advertising which is not political advertising because it does not advocate the success or defeat of a party, measure, or person, but which mentions or depicts a candidate, shall include the statement: “This advertisement has been paid for by (name of sponsor) and has not been authorized by any candidate.”

§ 19:44A-22.3. Campaign advertisements; identification of issuer; disclosure of campaign financing; violations; penalties

64. Whenever a candidate committee, joint candidates committee, political committee, continuing political committee, political party committee or legislative leadership committee, or any group other than such a committee, or any person makes, incurs or authorizes an expenditure for the purpose of financing a communication aiding or promoting the nomination, election or defeat of any candidate or providing political information on any candidate which is an expenditure that the committee, group or person is required to report to the Election Law Enforcement Commission pursuant to P.L.1973, c. 83 (C.19:44A-1 et seq.), the communication shall clearly state the name and business or residence address of the committee, group or person, as that information appears on reports filed with the commission, and that the communication has been financed by that committee, group or person.

65. Whenever a candidate committee, joint candidates committee, political committee, continuing political committee, political party committee or legislative leadership committee, or any group other than such a committee, or any person makes, incurs or authorizes an expenditure for the purpose of financing a communication aiding the passage or defeat of any public question or providing political information on any public question which is an expenditure that the committee, group or person is required to report to the Election Law Enforcement Commission pursuant to P.L.1973, c. 83 (C.19:44A-1 et seq.), the communication shall clearly state the name and business or residence address of the committee, group or person, as that information appears on reports filed with the commission, and that the communication has been financed by that committee, group or person.

66. A communication that is financed by any person, not acting in concert with a candidate or any person or committee acting on behalf of a candidate, shall contain a clear and conspicuous statement that the expenditure was not made with the cooperation or prior consent of, or in consultation with or at the request or suggestion of, any such candidate, person or committee.

67. Any person who accepts compensation from a committee, group or individual described in subsection a. or b. of this section for the purpose of printing, broadcasting, or otherwise disseminating to the electorate a communication shall maintain a record of the transaction which shall include an exact copy of the communication and a statement of the number of copies made or the dates and times that the communication was broadcast or otherwise transmitted, and the name and address of the committee, group or individual paying for the communication. The record shall be maintained on file at the principal office of the person accepting the communication for at least two years and shall be available for public inspection during normal business hours.

68. As used in this section, “communication” means a press release, pamphlet, flyer, form letter, sign, billboard , paid advertisement printed in any newspaper or other publication or broadcast on radio or television, or telephone call featuring a recorded message, or any other form of advertising directed to the electorate.

69. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to apply to any bona fide news item or editorial contained in any publication of bona fide general circulation.

70. (1) A person who violates a provision of this section shall be subject to the civil penalties provided in section 22 of P.L.1973, c. 83 (C.19:44A-22).

(2) A person who, with intent to injure anyone or to conceal wrongdoing, purposely falsifies, conceals or misrepresents information required by this section to be disclosed or maintained on file is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree.

71. The Election Law Enforcement Commission shall promulgate rules and regulations pursuant to the “Administrative Procedure Act,” P.L.1968, c. 410 (C.52:14B-1 et seq.) to effectuate the purpose of this section. The commission may, by regulation, exempt from the provisions of this section small, tangible items of de minimis value which are commonly used in campaigns to convey a political message, including, but not limited to, buttons, combs, and nail files. The commission may also, by regulation, exempt from the provisions of this section advertising space purchased by a candidate committee, joint candidates committee, political committee, continuing political committee, political party committee, legislative leadership committee or other person, in a political program book distributed at a fund-raising event if the financial transaction is otherwise subject to disclosure. An exemption granted by the commission with respect to any item shall not relieve the committee, group or individual making an expenditure therefor from any applicable campaign finance reporting requirements.

In addition, the commission shall have the authority to provide, by regulation, that a communication need not include the address of the committee, group or person financing the communication in circumstances where the name of a committee, group or person would be sufficient to identify it from the commission's records.

§ 49-1474.01. Political material; disclaimer requirements; violation; penalty

(1) The person, except an individual or individuals acting independently utilizing their own personal resources, who pays for the production, distribution, or posting of a billboard, placard, poster, pamphlet, or other printed matter relating to a candidate or ballot question shall cause a disclaimer containing the name and street address of the person to appear on such matter. The person who pays for a radio or television advertisement relating to a candidate or ballot question shall cause a disclaimer containing the name of such person to be included in the advertisement, and the radio or television station shall, for a period of at least six months, keep the street address of such person on file and divulge it to any person upon request.

(2) The size and placement of the disclaimer shall be determined by rules and regulations adopted and promulgated by the commission. The rules and regulations shall exempt from the disclaimer required by this section windshield stickers, yard signs, bumper stickers, campaign buttons, and balloons and may also exempt other items relating to a candidate or committee which are printed or reproduced at the request of such candidate or committee.

(3) Any person who knowingly violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a Class IV misdemeanor.

§ 49-1474.02. Dissemination of message by telecommunication or electronic means; requirements

(1) Any person who makes an expenditure reportable under the Nebraska Political Accountability and Disclosure Act to disseminate by any means of telecommunication a prerecorded message or a recorded message relating to a candidate or ballot question shall include, immediately preceding the message, the name of the person making the expenditure. Such messages shall be disseminated only between the hours of 8 a.m. and 9 p.m. at the location of the person receiving the messages.

(2) Any person who makes an expenditure reportable under the act to disseminate by any means of telecommunication a message relating to a candidate or ballot question which is not a recorded message or a prerecorded message shall, immediately upon the request of the recipient of the message, disclose the name of the person making the expenditure. If the message is disseminated through an employee or agent of the person making the expenditure, the employee or agent shall, immediately upon the request of the recipient of the message, disclose the name of the person making the expenditure.

(3) Any person who makes an expenditure reportable under the act to disseminate by any electronic means, including the Internet or email, a message relating to a candidate or ballot question shall include in the message the name of the person making the expenditure.

§ 1-19-16. Campaign practices; printing or publishing campaign material without specifying sponsor; penalty

Currentness

93. It is unlawful for any person, organization or political committee to publish or print any campaign advertising or communication which does not specify the name of the sponsor or the name of a responsible officer who authorized the printing or publication of such material, in any election, special election, school district election or an election authorizing a bond issue. This prohibition extends only to handbills, petitions, circulars, letters or similar written material.

94. Any printing establishment shall identify itself as the printer of the campaign material.

95. Any person, organization or political committee violating the provisions of Subsection A or B of Section 1-19-16 NMSA 1978 is guilty of a fourth degree felony and shall be punished as provided in the Criminal Code.

§ 1-19-17. Campaign practices; circulation of campaign material without specifying sponsor; penalty

Currentness

96. It is unlawful for any person, organization or political committee to circulate or distribute any campaign advertising or communication which does not specify the name of the sponsor of such material, in any election, special election, school district election or an election authorizing a bond issue. This prohibition extends to handbills, petitions, circulars or similar written material.

97. Any person, organization or political committee violating the provisions of Subsection A of Section 1-19-17 NMSA 1978 is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished as provided in the Criminal Code.

§ 14-106. Political communication

The statements required to be filed under the provisions of this article next succeeding a primary, general or special election shall be accompanied by a copy of all broadcast, cable or satellite schedules and scripts, internet, print and other types of advertisements, pamphlets, circulars, flyers, brochures, letterheads and other printed matter purchased or produced, and reproductions of statements or information published to five hundred or more members of a general public audience by computer or other electronic device including but not limited to electronic mail or text message, purchased in connection with such election by or under the authority of the person filing the statement or the committee or the person on whose behalf it is filed, as the case may be. Such copies, schedules and scripts shall be preserved by the officer with whom or the board with which it is required to be filed for a period of one year from the date of filing thereof.

§ 163-278.39. Basic disclosure requirements for all political advertisements

(a) Basic Requirements.--It shall be unlawful for any sponsor to sponsor an advertisement in the print media or on radio or television that constitutes an expenditure, independent expenditure, electioneering communication, or contribution required to be disclosed under this Article unless all the following conditions are met:

(1) It bears the legend or includes the statement: “Paid for by .............. [Name of candidate, candidate campaign committee, political party organization, political action committee, referendum committee, individual, or other sponsor].” In television advertisements, this disclosure shall be made by visual legend.

(2) The name used in the labeling required in subdivision (1) of this subsection is the name that appears on the statement of organization as required in G.S. 163-278.7(b)(1) or G.S. 163-278.12C(a).

(3) Repealed by S.L. 2001-353, § 5, eff. Aug. 10, 2001.

(4) Repealed by S.L. 2013-381, § 56.1, eff. Jan. 1, 2014.

(5) In a print media advertisement supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates, the sponsor states whether it is authorized by a candidate. The visual legend in the advertisement shall state either “Authorized by [name of candidate], candidate for [name of office]” or “Not authorized by a candidate.” This subdivision does not apply if the sponsor of the advertisement is the candidate the advertisement supports or that candidate's campaign committee.

(6) In a print media advertisement that identifies a candidate the sponsor is opposing, the sponsor discloses in the advertisement the name of the candidate who is intended to benefit from the advertisement. This subdivision applies only when the sponsor coordinates or consults about the advertisement or the expenditure for it with the candidate who is intended to benefit.

(7), (8) Repealed by S.L. 2013-381, § 56.1, eff. Jan. 1, 2014.

If an advertisement described in this section is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall name all the sponsors.

(b) Size Requirements.--In a print media advertisement covered by subsection (a) of this section, the height of all disclosure statements required by that subsection shall constitute at least five percent (5%) of the height of the printed space of the advertisement, provided that the type shall in no event be less than 12 points in size. In an advertisement in a newspaper or a newspaper insert, the total height of the disclosure statement need not constitute five percent of the printed space of the advertisement if the type of the disclosure statement is at least 28 points in size. If a single advertisement consists of multiple pages, folds, or faces, the disclosure requirement of this section applies only to one page, fold, or face. In a television advertisement covered by subsection (a) of this section, the visual disclosure legend shall constitute four percent (4%) of vertical picture height in size, and where the television advertisement that appears is paid for by a candidate or candidate campaign committee, the visual disclosure legend shall appear simultaneously with an easily identifiable photograph of the candidate for at least two seconds. In a radio advertisement covered by subsection (a) of this section, the disclosure statement shall last at least two seconds, provided the statement is spoken so that its contents may be easily understood.

(c) Misrepresentation of Authorization.--Notwithstanding G.S. 163-278.27(a), any candidate, candidate campaign committee, political party organization, political action committee, referendum committee, individual, or other sponsor making an advertisement in the print media or on radio or television bearing any legend required by subsection (a) of this section that misrepresents the sponsorship or authorization of the advertisement is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

§ 16.1-10-04.1. Certain political advertisements to disclose name of sponsor - Name disclosure requirements.

Every political advertisement by newspaper, pamphlet or folder, display card, sign, poster, or billboard, website, or by any other similar public means, on behalf of or in opposition to any candidate for public office, designed to assist, injure, or defeat the candidate by reflecting upon the candidate's personal character or political action, or by a measure committee as described in section 16.1-08.1-01, or a corporation making a direct an independent expenditure either for or against a measure, must disclose on the advertisement the name of the person, as defined in section 16.1-08.1-01, or political party paying for the advertisement. If the name of a political party, association, or partnership is used, the disclaimer must also include the name of the chairman or other responsible individual from the political party, association, or partnership. The name of the person paying for any radio or television broadcast containing any advertising announcement for or against any candidate for public office must be announced at the close of the broadcast. If the name of a political party, association, or partnership is used, the disclaimer must also include the name of the chairman or other responsible individual from the political party, association, or partnership. In every political advertisement in which the name of the person paying for the advertisement is disclosed, the first and last name of any named individual must be disclosed. An advertisement paid for by an individual candidate or group of candidates must disclose that the advertisement was paid for by the individual candidate or group of candidates. The first and last name or names of the candidates paying for the advertisement are not required to be disclosed. This section does not apply to campaign buttons.

§ 3517.20 Political communications must be identified; penalty

(A)(1) As used in this section:

(a) “Political publication for or against a candidate” means a notice, placard, advertisement, sample ballot, brochure, flyer, direct mailer, or other form of general publication that is designed to promote the nomination, election, or defeat of a candidate.

(b) “Political publication for or against an issue” means a notice, placard, advertisement, sample ballot, brochure, flyer, direct mailer, or other form of general publication that is designed to promote the adoption or defeat of a ballot issue or question or to influence the voters in an election.

(c) “Public political advertising” means newspapers, magazines, outdoor advertising facilities, direct mailings, or other similar types of general public political advertising, or flyers, handbills, or other nonperiodical printed matter.

(d) “Statewide candidate” has the same meaning as in section 3517.102 of the Revised Code.

(e) “Legislative candidate” means a candidate for the office of member of the general assembly.

(f) “Local candidate” means a candidate for an elective office of a political subdivision of this state.

(g) “Legislative campaign fund” has the same meaning as in section 3517.01 of the Revised Code.

(h) “Limited political action committee” means a political action committee of fewer than ten members.

(i) “Limited political contributing entity” means a political contributing entity of fewer than ten members.

(j) “Designated amount” means one hundred dollars in the case of a local candidate or a local ballot issue, two hundred fifty dollars in the case of a legislative candidate, or five hundred dollars in the case of a statewide candidate or a statewide ballot issue.

(k) “To issue” includes to print, post, distribute, reproduce for distribution, or cause to be issued, printed, posted, distributed, or reproduced for distribution.

(l) “Telephone bank” means more than five hundred telephone calls of an identical or substantially similar nature within any thirty-day period, whether those telephone calls are made by individual callers or by recording.

(2)(a) No political party or other entity, except a political action committee, a political contributing entity, a candidate, a legislative campaign fund, or a campaign committee, shall issue a form of political publication for or against a candidate, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a candidate through public political advertising, unless the name and residence or business address of the candidate or the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the legislative campaign fund, political party, or other entity that issues or otherwise is responsible for that political publication or that makes an expenditure for that political communication appears in a conspicuous place on that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(b) No candidate, legislative campaign fund, or campaign committee shall issue a form of political publication for or against a candidate, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a candidate through public political advertising, unless the name of the entity appears in a conspicuous place on that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(3) No limited political action committee or limited political contributing entity shall do either of the following unless the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the limited political action committee or limited political contributing entity involved appears in a conspicuous place in the political publication for or against a candidate described in division (A)(3)(a) of this section or is contained within the political communication described in division (A)(3)(b) of this section:

(a) Issue a form of political publication for or against a candidate that costs in excess of the designated amount or that is issued in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a campaign committee, a legislative campaign fund, a political party, a political action committee with ten or more members, a political contributing entity with ten or more members, or a limited political action committee or limited political contributing entity that spends in excess of the designated amount on a related or the same or similar political publication for or against a candidate;

(b) Make an expenditure in excess of the designated amount in support of or opposition to a candidate or make an expenditure in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a campaign committee, a legislative campaign fund, a political party, a political action committee with ten or more members, a political contributing entity with ten or more members, or a limited political action committee or limited political contributing entity that spends in excess of the designated amount in support of or opposition to the same candidate, for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to that candidate through public political advertising.

(4) No political action committee with ten or more members and no political contributing entity with ten or more members shall issue a form of political publication for or against a candidate, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a candidate through public political advertising, unless the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the political action committee or political contributing entity that issues or otherwise is responsible for that political publication or that makes an expenditure for that political communication through public political advertising appears in a conspicuous place in that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(5)(a) No corporation, labor organization, political party, or other entity, except a political action committee, a legislative campaign fund, or a campaign committee, shall issue a form of political publication for or against an issue, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a ballot issue or question through public political advertising, unless the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the corporation, labor organization, political party, or other entity that issues or otherwise is responsible for that political publication or that makes an expenditure for that political communication through public political advertising appears in a conspicuous place in that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(b) No campaign committee or legislative campaign fund shall issue a form of political publication for or against an issue, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a ballot issue or question through public political advertising, unless the name of the campaign committee or legislative campaign fund appears in a conspicuous place in that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(6) No limited political action committee shall do either of the following unless the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the limited political action committee involved appears in a conspicuous place in the political publication for or against a ballot issue described in division (A)(6)(a) of this section or is contained within the political communication described in division (A)(6)(b) of this section:

(a) Issue a form of political publication for or against a ballot issue that costs in excess of the designated amount or that is issued in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a campaign committee, a legislative campaign fund, a political party, a political action committee with ten or more members, or a limited political action committee that spends in excess of the designated amount for a related or the same or similar political publication for or against an issue;

(b) Make an expenditure in excess of the designated amount in support of or opposition to a ballot issue or make an expenditure in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a campaign committee, a legislative campaign fund, a political party, a political action committee with ten or more members, or a limited political action committee that spends in excess of the designated amount in support of or opposition to the same ballot issue, for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to that ballot issue through public political advertising.

(7) No political action committee with ten or more members shall issue a form of political publication for or against an issue, or shall make an expenditure for the purpose of financing political communications in support of or opposition to a ballot issue or question through public political advertising, unless the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the political action committee that issues or otherwise is responsible for that political publication or that makes an expenditure for that political communication appears in a conspicuous place in that political publication or is contained within that political communication.

(8) The disclaimer “paid political advertisement” is not sufficient to meet the requirements of this section.

(9) If the political publication described in division (A) of this section is issued by the regularly constituted central or executive committee of a political party that is organized as provided in this chapter, it shall be sufficiently identified if it bears the name of the committee and its chairperson or treasurer.

(10) If more than one piece of printed matter or printed political communications are mailed as a single packet, the requirements of division (A) of this section are met if one of the pieces of printed matter or printed political communications in the packet contains the name and residence or business address of the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the organization or entity that issues or is responsible for the printed matter or other printed political communications, except that if a campaign committee or legislative campaign fund mails more than one piece of printed matter or printed political communications as a single packet, the requirements of division (A) of this section are met if one of the pieces of printed matter or printed political communications in the packet contains the name of the campaign committee or legislative campaign fund.

(11) This section does not apply to the transmittal of personal correspondence that is not reproduced by machine for general distribution.

(12) The secretary of state, by rule, may exempt from the requirements of this section, printed matter and certain other kinds of printed communications such as campaign buttons, balloons, pencils, or similar items, the size or nature of which makes it unreasonable to add an identification or disclaimer.

(13) The disclaimer or identification described in division (A) of this section, when paid for by a candidate, legislative campaign fund, or campaign committee, shall be identified by the words “paid for by” followed by the name of the entity. The identification or disclaimer may use reasonable abbreviations for common terms such as “committee”.

(B)(1) No candidate, campaign committee, legislative campaign fund, political party, political action committee, limited political action committee, political contributing entity, limited political contributing entity, or other entity shall utter or cause to be uttered, over the broadcasting facilities of any radio or television station within this state, any communication that is designed to promote the nomination, election, or defeat of a candidate, or the adoption or defeat of an issue or to influence the voters in an election, unless the speaker identifies the speaker with the speaker's name and residence address or unless the communication identifies the chairperson, treasurer, or secretary of the organization responsible for the communication with the name and residence or business address of that officer, except that communications by radio need not broadcast the residence or business address of the officer. However, a radio station, for a period of at least six months, shall keep the residence or business address on file and divulge it to any person upon request.

No person operating a broadcast station or an organ of printed media shall broadcast or print a paid political communication that does not contain the identification required by this section.

(2) Division (B) of this section does not apply to any communications made on behalf of a radio or television station or network by any employee of such radio or television station or network while acting in the course of the employee's employment.

(3) No candidate or entity described in division (B)(1) of this section shall use or cause to be used a false, fictitious, or fraudulent name or address in the making or issuing of a publication or communication included within the provisions of this section.

(C) No candidate, campaign committee, legislative campaign fund, political party, political action committee, limited political action committee, political contributing entity, limited political contributing entity, or other person or entity shall conduct a telephone bank for the purpose of promoting the nomination, election, or defeat of a candidate or the adoption or defeat of an issue or to influence the voters in an election, unless the call includes a disclaimer that identifies the name of the candidate, campaign committee, legislative campaign fund, political party, political action committee, limited political action committee, political contributing entity, limited political contributing entity, or other person or entity paying for the telephone bank.

(D) Before a prosecution may commence under this section, a complaint shall be filed with the Ohio elections commission under section 3517.153 of the Revised Code. After the complaint is filed, the commission shall proceed in accordance with sections 3517.154 to 3517.157 of the Revised Code.

§ 257:10-1-7. Expenditures

(a) Limitation on expenditures.

(1) An expenditure may not be authorized or made by a committee while there is a vacancy in the office of treasurer except by the deputy treasurer if designated.

(2) An expenditure of more than fifty dollars ($50), except for expenditures made by a candidate from his or her own funds:

(A) may not be made in cash; and

(B) shall be made by written instrument drawn upon a campaign account containing the name of the committee and the name of the recipient.

(3) An expenditure of more than fifty dollars ($50) shall be accounted for by a written receipt indicating:

(A) the date of the expenditure;

(B) the amount of the expenditure;

(D) the item or service purchased.

(4) An expenditure may not be made, other than for overhead or normal operating expenses, by an agent, independent contractor, or advertising agency, on behalf of or for the benefit of a committee unless the expenditure is reported by the committee as if the expenditure were made directly by the committee. The agent, independent contractor, or advertising agency shall make all information required to be reported available to the committee.

(5) An expenditure may not be made that is in excess of the fair market value of services, materials, facilities, or other things of value received in exchange.

(b) Independent expenditures.

(1) A committee or a person which makes an independent expenditure or electioneering communication of fifty dollars ($50) or more for a written or broadcast communication to voters supporting or opposing:

(A) a candidate shall include the following statement: “This advertisement is not authorized or approved by any candidate:”

(B) candidates of a political party shall include the following statement: “This advertisement is not authorized or approved by any political party:” or

(C) a ballot measure or ballot measures shall include the following statement: “This advertisement is not authorized or approved by any ballot measure committee.”

(2) The statement for a written communication shall:

(A) appear on each page or fold of the written communication in at least ten (10) point type or in type at least ten percent (10%) of the largest size type used in a written communication directed at more than one voter, such as a billboard or poster, whichever is larger;

(B) not be subject to the half-tone or screening process; and

(3) The statement for a broadcast communication shall:

(A) be clearly spoken on any radio broadcast advertisement; and

(B) appear on a television screen with letters equal to or greater than four percent (4%) of the vertical picture height for not less than four seconds.

(4) The requirements of this subsection do not apply to bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens and similar small items upon which the disclaimer cannot be conveniently printed nor to skywriting, water towers or other means of displaying an advertisement of such a nature that the inclusion of a disclaimer would be impracticable.

(c) Independent expenditures and electioneering communications in the name of another prohibited. No person shall make an independent expenditure or disbursement for an electioneering communication in the name of another person or knowingly permit his, her or its name to be used to effect such an independent expenditure or electioneering communication, and no person shall knowingly accept a payment or promise of a payment for an independent expenditure or electioneering communication from one person in the name of another person.

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

§ 3258. Advertising

(a) Whenever any person makes an expenditure for the purpose of financing communications expressly advocating the election or defeat of a candidate, or ballot questions, through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, direct mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising, such communication:

(1) If authorized by the candidate, his authorized political committee or their agents, shall clearly and conspicuously state that the communication has been authorized.

(2) If not authorized by a candidate, his authorized political committee, or their agents, shall clearly and conspicuously state the name of the person who made or financed the expenditure for the communication, including, in the case of a political committee the name of any affiliated or connected organization.

(b)(1) No candidate for public office, or political committee or party acting on his behalf, shall place any advertisement referring to an opposing candidate for the same office which is to be broadcast or published during the one hundred and twenty (120) hours immediately prior to an election or published in a weekly newspaper or periodical during the eight (8) days immediately prior to an election, with a television or radio broadcasting station, newspaper or periodical, unless he has first given a copy of the material to appear or be used in the advertisement and reasonable notice to the opposing candidate and the county board of elections of the county where the advertisement is to be placed in sufficient time for a reply advertisement to be published or broadcast at the same approximate time or in the same issue of the publication or on the same radio or television broadcast as the original advertisement and prior to the election in question.

(2) The reasonable notice referred to in clause (1) shall be given in writing by registered mail, return receipt requested, addressee signature only, with a true copy of the material enclosed to appear or be used in the advertisement so as to afford the recipient sufficient time to place a reply advertisement to be published or broadcast at the same approximate time or in the same issue of the publication or on the same radio or television broadcast as the original advertisement and prior to the election in question.

(3) Any person, firm or corporation, political committee or party or member thereof, violating any of the provisions of this section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or to undergo an imprisonment of not less than one (1) month nor more than two (2) years, or both, in the discretion of the court.

§ 17-25.3-3. Disclaimers

(a) No person, business entity or political action committee shall make or incur an independent expenditure or fund an electioneering communication for any written, typed, or other printed communication, unless such communication bears upon its face the words “Paid for by” and the name of the entity, the name of its chief executive officer or equivalent, and its principal business address. In the case of a person, business entity or political action committee making or incurring such an independent expenditure or electioneering communication, which entity is a tax-exempt organization under § 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (other than an organization described in § 501(c)(3) of such Code) or an exempt nonprofit as defined in § 17-25-3, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as amended from time to time, or an organization organized under Section 5271 of said code, such communication shall also bear upon its face the words “Top Five Donors” followed by a list of the five (5) persons or entities making the largest aggregate donations to such person, business entity or political action committee during the twelve (12) month period before the date of such communication, provided that no donor shall be listed who is not required to be disclosed in a report to the board of elections by the person, business entity, or political action committee.

(b) The provisions of subsections (a) of this section shall not apply to:

(1) Any editorial, news story, or commentary published in any newspaper, magazine or journal on its own behalf and upon its own responsibility and for which it does not charge or receive any compensation whatsoever;

(2) Political paraphernalia including pins, buttons, badges, emblems, hats, bumper stickers or other similar materials; or

(3) Signs or banners with a surface area of not more than thirty-two (32) square feet.

(c) No person, business entity or political action committee shall make or incur an independent expenditure or fund an electioneering communication for paid television advertising or paid Internet video advertising, unless at the end of such advertising there appears simultaneously, for a period of not less than four (4) seconds:

(1) A clearly identifiable video, photographic or similar image of the entity's chief executive officer or equivalent; and

(2) A personal audio message, in the following form: “I am ___ (name of entity's chief executive officer or equivalent), ___ (title) of ___ (entity), and I approved its content.”

(3) In the case of a person, business entity or political action committee making or incurring such an independent expenditure or electioneering communication, which person, business entity or political action committee is a tax-exempt organization under § 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (other than an organization described in § 501(c)(3) of such Code) or an exempt nonprofit as defined in § 17-25-3, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as amended from time to time, or an organization organized under Section 527 of said code, such advertising shall also include a written message in the following form: “The top five (5) donors to the organization responsible for this advertisement are” followed by a list of the five (5) persons or entities making the largest aggregate donations during the twelve (12) month period before the date of such advertisement, provided that no donor shall be listed who is not required to be disclosed in a report to the board of elections by the person, business entity, or political action committee.

(d) No person, business entity or political action committee shall make or incur an independent expenditure or fund an electioneering communication for paid radio advertising or paid Internet audio advertising, unless the advertising ends with a personal audio statement by the entity's chief executive officer or equivalent;

(1) Identifying the entity paying for the expenditure; and

(2) A personal audio message, in the following form: “I am ___ (name of entity's chief executive officer or equivalent), ___ (title), of ___ (entity), and I approved its content.”

(3) In the case of a person, business entity or political action committee making or incurring such an independent expenditure or electioneering communication, which entity is a tax-exempt organization under § 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (other than an organization described in § 501(c)(3) of such Code) or an exempt nonprofit as defined in § 17-25-3, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as amended from time to time, or an organization organized under Section 527 of said code, such advertising shall also include:

(A) An audio message in the following form: “The top five (5) donors to the organization responsible for this advertisement are” followed by a list of the five (5) persons or entities making the largest aggregate donations during the twelve (12) month period before the date of such advertisement, provided that no donor shall be listed who is not required to be disclosed in a report to the board of elections by the person, business entity, or political action committee; or

(B) In the case of such an advertisement that is thirty (30) seconds in duration or shorter, an audio message providing a website address that lists such five (5) persons or entities, provided that no contributor shall be listed who is not required to be disclosed in a report to the board of elections by the person, business entity, or political action committee. In such case, the person, business entity or political action committee shall establish and maintain such a website with such listing for the entire period during which such person, business entity or political action committee makes such advertisement.

(e) No person, business entity or political action committee shall make or incur an independent expenditure or fund an electioneering communication for automated telephone calls, unless the narrative of the telephone call identifies the person, business entity or political action committee making the expenditure and its chief executive officer or equivalent. In the case of a person, business entity or political action committee making or incurring such an independent expenditure, which entity is a tax-exempt organization under § 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (other than an organization described in § 501(c)(3) of such Code) or an exempt nonprofit as defined in § 17-25-3, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as amended from time to time, or an organization organized under Section 527 of said code, such narrative shall also include an audio message in the following form: “The top five (5) donors to the organization responsible for this telephone call are” followed by a list of the five (5) persons or entities making the largest aggregate donations during the twelve (12) month period before the date of such telephone call, provided that no donor shall be listed who is not required to be disclosed in a report to the board of elections by the person, business entity, or political action committee.

§ 23-1-25:4. Disclaimer Requirement for Independent Expenditures

For any communication made for the purpose of expressly advocating the support or defeat of a candidate, by any person which is an independent expenditure and has not been authorized, or financed by a candidate, political party, candidate committee, or political action committee, a disclaimer statement identifying the person paying for the communication shall include a disclaimer statement, which must:

State that the communication is not authorized by any candidate or the candidate's committee; and
Identify the name and street address, telephone number and web address, if any, of the persons or legal entity who financed said communication.

An example of a disclaimer notice for a printed independent expenditure by a corporation would be as follows:

Paid for by Acme Corporation and not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee. Contact us at: Acme Corporation, 111 Adams Street, Warwick, Rhode Island.

All disclaimers required by this section must be presented in a clear and conspicuous manner in order to give the reader, observer, or listener adequate notice of the identity of the person that paid for, and where required, authorized the communication. A disclaimer is not clear and conspicuous if it is difficult to read or hear, or if the placement is easily overlooked.

With respect to printed communications covered by this section, the disclaimer must also be of sufficient type size to be clearly readable by the recipient of the communication. If the communication is on printed material that measures no more than 24 inches by 36 inches, the disclaimer must be in 12-point type size. The disclaimer must be contained in a printed box set apart from the other contents of the communication. The disclaimer must also be printed with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the printed statement. The disclaimer satisfies the color contrast requirement if it is printed in black text on a white background or if the degree of color contrast between the background and the text of the disclaimer is no less than the color contrast between the background and the largest text used in the communication.

Where the communication is made by radio, television or through any broadcast, cable, or satellite transmission, said communication must include the following audio statement: “xxx is responsible for the content of this advertisement,” which must be spoken clearly, with the blank to be filled in with the name of the person paying for the communication and the name of the connected organization, if any, of the payer. Additionally, any communication transmitted visually through television or through any other broadcast, cable or satellite transmission, must also include a similar written statement that must appear in clearly readable writing at the end of the visual communication. In order to be deemed clearly readable, the statement must include the following:

(1) The statement must appear in letters equal to or greater than 4% of the vertical picture height;

(2) The statement must be visible for a period of no less than 4 seconds; and

(3) The statement must appear with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the disclaimer statement. The color contrast requirement is satisfied if the statement is printed in black text on a white background or if the degree of color contrast between the background and the text of the disclaimer is no less than the color contrast between the background and the largest type size used in the communication.

§ 8-13-1354. Identification of person independently paying for election-related communication; exemptions.

A candidate, committee, or other person which makes an expenditure in the distribution, posting, or broadcasting of a communication to voters supporting or opposing a public official, a candidate, or a ballot measure must place his name and address on the printed matter or have his name spoken clearly on a broadcast so as to identify accurately the person and his address. Campaign buttons, balloons, yard signs, or similar items are exempt from this requirement.

§ 12-27-16. Statements to be filed and disclaimers regarding independent expenditures for communications advocating for or against candidate, office holder, ballot question, or political party--Contents--Violation as misdemeanor--Exceptions

The following apply to independent expenditures by individuals and organizations related to communications advocating for or against candidates, public office holders, ballot questions, or political parties:

(1) Any person or organization that makes a payment or promise of payment totaling one hundred dollars or more, including an in-kind contribution, for a communication which expressly advocates for or against a candidate, public office holder, ballot question, or political party shall append to or include in each communication a disclaimer that clearly and forthrightly:

(a) Identifies the person or organization making the independent expenditure for that communication;

(b) States the address or website address of the person or organization;

(c) States that the communication is independently funded and not made in consultation with any candidate, political party, or political committee; and

(d) If the independent expenditure is undertaken by an organization not including a candidate, public office holder, political party, or political committee, then the following notation must also be included: “Top Five Contributors” followed by a listing of the names of the five persons making the largest contributions to an organization during the twelve months preceding that communication.

A violation of this subdivision is a Class 1 misdemeanor;

(2) Any person or organization that makes a payment or promise of payment of one hundred dollars or more, including an in-kind contribution, for a communication described in subdivision (1) shall file a statement within forty-eight hours of the time that the communication is disseminated, broadcast, or otherwise published;

(3) The statements required by this section shall include the name, street address, city, and state of the person or organization and, any expenditures made for communications described in subdivision (1) during that calendar year but not yet reported on a prior statement, the name of each candidate, public office holder, ballot question, or political party mentioned or identified in each communication, the amount spent on each communication, and a description of the content of each communication.

For an organization, the statement shall also include the name and title of the person filing the report, the name of its chief executive, if any, and the name of the person who authorized the expenditures on behalf of the organization;

(4) For an organization whose majority ownership is owned by, controlled by, held for the benefit of, or comprised of twenty or fewer persons, partners, owners, trustees, beneficiaries, participants, members, or shareholders, the statement shall identify by name and address each person, partner, owner, trustee, beneficiary, participant, shareholder, or member who owns, controls, or comprises ten percent or more of the organization;

(5) An organization shall also provide supplemental statements, as defined in subdivision (3), for any of its partners, owners, trustees, beneficiaries, participants, members, or shareholders identified pursuant to subdivision (4) which are owned by, controlled by, held for the benefit of, or comprised of twenty or fewer persons, partners, owners, trustees, beneficiaries, participants, members, or shareholders, until no organization identified in the supplemental statements meets the ownership test set forth in subdivision (4);

(6) For the purposes of this section, the term, communication, does not include:

(a) Any news articles, editorial endorsements, opinion, or commentary writings, or letter to the editor printed in a newspaper, magazine, flyer, pamphlet, or other periodical not owned or controlled by a candidate, political committee, or political party;

(b) Any editorial endorsements or opinions aired by a broadcast facility not owned or controlled by a candidate, political committee, or political party;

(c) Any communication by a person made in the regular course and scope of the person's business or ministry or any communication made by a membership organization solely to members of the organization and the members' families; and

(d) Any communication that refers to any candidate only as part of the popular name of a bill or statute.

§ 2-19-120.  Political communications, advertising and solicitations -- Contents -- Applicability -- Penalties

(a) Whenever any person makes an expenditure for the purpose of financing a communication that expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate, as defined by § 2-10-102, or that solicits any contribution, through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, poster, yard sign, direct mailing or any other form of general public political advertising, a disclaimer meeting the requirements of subdivision (a)(1), (2), (3) or (4) shall appear and be presented in a clear and conspicuous manner to give the reader, observer or listener adequate notice of the identity of persons who paid for and, where required, who authorized the communication. Such person is not required to place the disclaimer on the front face or page of any such material, as long as a disclaimer appears within the communication, except on communications, such as billboards, that contain only a front face.

(1) Such communication, including any solicitation, if paid for and authorized by a candidate, an authorized committee of a candidate, or its agent shall clearly state that the communication has been paid for by the authorized political committee, in addition to the identity of the person who is the head of such committee, or the identity of the treasurer of such committee.

(2) Such communication, including any solicitation, if authorized by a candidate, an authorized committee of a candidate or an agent thereof, but paid for by any other person, shall clearly state that the communication is paid for by such other person and is authorized by such candidate, authorized committee or agent.

(3) Such communication, including any solicitation, if made on behalf of or in opposition to a candidate, but paid for by any other person and not authorized by a candidate, authorized committee of a candidate or its agent, shall clearly state that the communication has been paid for by such person and is not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee.

(4)  (A) For solicitations directed to the general public on behalf of a political committee which is not an authorized committee of a candidate, such solicitation shall clearly state the full name of the person who paid for the communication.

(B) For purposes of this section, whenever a separate segregated fund solicits contributions to the fund from those persons it may solicit, such communication shall not be considered a form of general public advertising. Such advertisements shall also include the name of the printer of such advertisement, and the identity of the person who paid for the advertisement.

(b) The requirements of this section do not apply to bumper stickers, pins, buttons, pens, novelties, and similar small items upon which the disclaimer cannot be conveniently printed.

§ 255.001. Required Disclosure on Political Advertising

Currentness

(a) A person may not knowingly cause to be published, distributed, or broadcast political advertising containing express advocacy that does not indicate in the advertising:

(1) that it is political advertising; and

(2) the full name of:

(A) the person who paid for the political advertising;

(B) the political committee authorizing the political advertising; or

(C) the candidate or specific-purpose committee supporting the candidate, if the political advertising is authorized by the candidate.

(b) Political advertising that is authorized by a candidate, an agent of a candidate, or a political committee filing reports under this title shall be deemed to contain express advocacy.

(c) A person may not knowingly use, cause or permit to be used, or continue to use any published, distributed, or broadcast political advertising containing express advocacy that the person knows does not include the disclosure required by Subsection (a). A person is presumed to know that the use of political advertising is prohibited by this subsection if the commission notifies the person in writing that the use is prohibited. A person who learns that political advertising signs, as defined by Section 255.007, that have been distributed do not include the disclosure required by Subsection (a) or include a disclosure that does not comply with Subsection (a) does not commit a continuing violation of this subsection if the person makes a good faith attempt to remove or correct those signs. A person who learns that printed political advertising other than a political advertising sign that has been distributed does not include the disclosure required by Subsection (a) or includes a disclosure that does not comply with Subsection (a) is not required to attempt to recover the political advertising and does not commit a continuing violation of this subsection as to any previously distributed political advertising.

(d) This section does not apply to:

(1) tickets or invitations to political fund-raising events;

(2) campaign buttons, pins, hats, or similar campaign materials; or

(3) circulars or flyers that cost in the aggregate less than $500 to publish and distribute.

(e) A person who violates this section is liable to the state for a civil penalty in an amount determined by the commission not to exceed $4,000.

§ 20A-11-901. Political advertisements--Requirement that ads designate responsibility and authorization--Report to lieutenant governor--Unauthorized use of endorsements

Currentness

(1)(a) Whenever any person makes an expenditure for the purpose of financing an advertisement expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate, or solicits any contribution through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, direct mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising, the advertisement:

(i) if paid for and authorized by a candidate or the candidate's campaign committee, shall clearly state that the advertisement has been paid for by the candidate or the campaign committee;

(ii) if paid for by another person but authorized by a candidate or the candidate's campaign committee, shall clearly state who paid for the advertisement and that the candidate or the campaign committee authorized the advertisement; or

(iii) if not authorized by a candidate or his campaign committee, shall clearly state the name of the person who paid for the advertisement and state that the advertisement is not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee.

(b) The requirements of Subsection (1)(a) do not apply to:

(i) lawn signs with dimensions of four by eight feet or smaller;

(ii) bumper stickers;

(iii) campaign pins, buttons, and pens; and

(iv) similar small items upon which the disclaimer cannot be conveniently printed.

(2)(a) A person who is not a reporting entity and pays for an electioneering communication shall file a report with the lieutenant governor within 24 hours of making the payment or entering into a contract to make the payment.

(b) The report shall include:

(i) the name and address of the person described in Subsection (2)(a);

(ii) the name and address of each person contributing at least $100 to the person described in Subsection (2)(a) for the purpose of disseminating the electioneering communication;

(iii) the amount spent on the electioneering communication;

(iv) the name of the identified referenced candidate; and

(v) the medium used to disseminate the electioneering communication.

(3) A person may not, in order to promote the success of any candidate for nomination or election to any public office, or in connection with any question submitted to the voters, include or cause to be included the name of any person as endorser or supporter in any political advertisement, circular, poster, or publication without the express consent of that person.

(4)(a) It is unlawful for a person to pay the owner, editor, publisher, or agent of any newspaper or other periodical to induce him to advocate or oppose editorially any candidate for nomination or election.

(b) It is unlawful for any owner, editor, publisher, or agent to accept any payment to advocate or oppose editorially any candidate for nomination or election.

§ 2972. Identification in electioneering communications

(a) An electioneering communication shall contain the name and mailing address of the person, candidate, political committee, or political party that paid for the communication. The name and address shall appear prominently and in a manner such that a reasonable person would clearly understand by whom the expenditure has been made, except that:

(1) An electioneering communication transmitted through radio and paid for by a candidate does not need to contain the candidate's address.

(2) An electioneering communication paid for by a person acting as an agent or consultant on behalf of another person, candidate, political committee, or political party shall clearly designate the name and mailing address of the person, candidate, political committee, or political party on whose behalf the communication is published or broadcast.

(b) If an electioneering communication is a related campaign expenditure made on a candidate's behalf as provided in section 2944 of this chapter, then in addition to other requirements of this section, the communication shall also clearly designate the candidate on whose behalf it was made by including language such as “on behalf of” such candidate.

(c) In addition to the identification requirements in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, an electioneering communication paid for by or on behalf of a political committee or political party shall contain the name of any contributor who contributed more than 25 percent of all contributions and more than $2,000.00 to that committee or party since the beginning of the two-year general election cycle in which the electioneering communication was made to the date on which the expenditure for the electioneering communication was made. For the purposes of this subsection, a political committee or political party shall be treated as having made an expenditure if the committee or party or person acting on behalf of the committee or party has executed a contract to make the expenditure.

(d) The identification requirements of this section shall not apply to lapel stickers or buttons, nor shall they apply to electioneering communications made by a single individual acting alone who spends, in a single two-year general election cycle, a cumulative amount of no more than $150.00 on those electioneering communications, adjusted for inflation pursuant to the Consumer Price Index as provided in section 2905 of this chapter.

§ 2973. Specific identification requirements for radio, television, or internet communications

(a) In addition to the identification requirements set forth in section 2972 of this subchapter, a person, candidate, political committee, or political party that makes an expenditure for an electioneering communication shall include in any communication which is transmitted through radio, television, or online video, in a clearly spoken manner, an audio statement of the name and title of the person who paid for the communication and that the person paid for the communication.

(b) If the person who paid for the communication is not a natural person, the audio statement required by this section shall include the name of that person and the name and title of the principal officer of the person.

§ 24.2-956. Requirements for print media advertisements sponsored by a candidate campaign committee

Currentness

It shall be unlawful for any candidate or candidate campaign committee to sponsor a print media advertisement that constitutes an expenditure or contribution required to be disclosed under Chapter 9.3 (§ 24.2-945 et seq.) unless all of the following conditions are met:

It bears the legend or includes the statement: “Paid for by ............ [Name of candidate or campaign committee].” Alternatively, if the advertisement is supporting a candidate who is the sponsor and the advertisement makes no reference to any other clearly identified candidate, then the statement “Paid for by ............ [Name of sponsor]” may be replaced by the statement “Authorized by ............ [Name of sponsor].”
In an advertisement sponsored by a candidate or a candidate campaign committee that makes reference to any other clearly identified candidate who is not sponsoring the advertisement, the sponsor shall state whether it is authorized by the candidate not sponsoring the advertisement. The visual legend in the advertisement shall state either “Authorized by [Name of candidate], candidate for [Name of office]” or “Not authorized by any other candidate.” This subdivision does not apply if the sponsor of the advertisement is the candidate the advertisement supports or that candidate's campaign committee.
If an advertisement is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall name all the sponsors.
Any disclosure statement required by this section shall be displayed in a conspicuous manner in a minimum font size of seven point.
Any print media advertisement appearing in electronic format shall display the disclosure statement in a minimum font size of seven point; however, if the advertisement lacks sufficient space for a disclosure statement in a minimum font size of seven point, the advertisement may meet disclosure requirements if, by clicking on the print media advertisement appearing in electronic format, the viewer is taken to a landing page or a home page that displays the disclosure statement in a conspicuous manner.

§ 24.2-956.1. Requirements for print media advertisements sponsored by a person or political committee, other than a candidate campaign committee

It shall be unlawful for any person or political committee to sponsor a print media advertisement that constitutes an expenditure or contribution required to be disclosed under Chapter 9.3 (§ 24.2-945 et seq.) unless the following requirements are met:

It bears the legend or includes the statement: “Paid for by ............ [Name of person or political committee].”
In an advertisement supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates, the sponsor states whether it is authorized by a candidate. The visual legend in the advertisement shall state either “Authorized by [Name of candidate], candidate for [Name of office]” or “Not authorized by a candidate.”
In an advertisement that identifies a candidate the sponsor is opposing, the sponsor must disclose in the advertisement the name of the candidate who is intended to benefit from the advertisement, if the sponsor coordinates with, or has the authorization of, the benefited candidate.
If an advertisement is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall name all the sponsors.
Any disclosure statement required by this section shall be displayed in a conspicuous manner in a minimum font size of seven point.
Any print media advertisement appearing in electronic format shall display the disclosure statement in a minimum font size of seven point; however, if the advertisement lacks sufficient space for a disclosure statement in a minimum font size of seven point, the advertisement may meet disclosure requirements if, by clicking on the print media advertisement appearing in electronic format, the viewer is taken to a landing page or a home page that displays the disclosure statement in a conspicuous manner.

§ 24.2-957.2. Requirements for television advertisements sponsored by a political committee

It shall be unlawful for a political committee to sponsor a television advertisement that constitutes an expenditure or contribution required to be disclosed under Chapter 9.3 (§ 24.2-945 et seq.) unless the following requirements are met:

It bears the legend or includes the statement: “Paid for by ...............[Name of political committee].”
A television advertisement supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates (i) shall include a disclosure statement, spoken by the chief executive officer or treasurer of the political committee, containing at least the following words: “The [Name of political committee] sponsored this ad.”
If an advertisement is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall include the names of all the sponsors and the disclosing individual shall be one of those sponsors.
The disclosure shall be made by visual legend, which shall constitute 20 scan lines in size.
The content of these visual legends is specified by the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §§ 315 and 317 and this section.
The political committee may provide the oral disclosure statement required by this section at the same time as the visual disclosure required under the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §§ 315 and 317, is shown.
The advertisement shall include throughout the disclosure statement an unobscured, full-screen picture containing the disclosing individual, either in photographic form or through the actual appearance of the disclosing individual on camera.
A political committee may place the disclosure statement required by this section at any point during the advertisement, except if the duration of the advertisement is more than five minutes, the disclosure statement shall be made both at the beginning and end of the advertisement.
In its oral disclosure statement, a political committee may choose to identify an advertisement as either supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates.
If the advertisement is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall name all of the sponsors and the disclosing individual shall be one of those sponsors. This provision supersedes any contrary provisions of the Code of Virginia.

§ 24.2-957.3. Requirements for television advertisements sponsored by a person that is not a candidate campaign committee or political committee

It shall be unlawful for a person to sponsor a television advertisement that constitutes an expenditure or contribution required to be disclosed under Chapter 9.3 (§ 24.2-945 et seq.) unless the following requirements are met:
If the sponsor is an individual, a disclosure statement spoken by the individual containing at least the following words: “I am [individual's name], and I sponsored this ad.”
If the sponsor is a corporation, partnership, business, labor organization, membership organization, association, cooperative, or other like entity, a disclosure statement spoken by the chief executive officer containing at least the following words: “[Name of sponsor] paid for (or ‘sponsored’ or ‘furnished’) this ad.”
In its oral disclosure statement, a person may choose to identify an advertisement as either supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates.
If an advertisement is jointly sponsored, the disclosure statement shall include the names of all the sponsors.

§ 42.17A.320. Identification of sponsor--Exemptions

(1) All written political advertising, whether relating to candidates or ballot propositions, shall include the sponsor's name and address. All radio and television political advertising, whether relating to candidates or ballot propositions, shall include the sponsor's name. The use of an assumed name for the sponsor of electioneering communications, independent expenditures, or political advertising shall be unlawful. For partisan office, if a candidate has expressed a party or independent preference on the declaration of candidacy, that party or independent designation shall be clearly identified in electioneering communications, independent expenditures, or political advertising.

(2) In addition to the information required by subsection (1) of this section, except as specifically addressed in subsections (4) and (5) of this section, all political advertising undertaken as an independent expenditure or an electioneering communication by a person or entity other than a bona fide political party must include as part of the communication:

(a) The statement: “No candidate authorized this ad. It is paid for by (name, address, city, state)”;

(b) If the sponsor is a political committee, the statement: “Top Five Contributors,” followed by a listing of the names of the five persons or entities making the largest contributions in excess of seven hundred dollars reportable under this chapter during the twelve-month period before the date of the advertisement or communication; and

(c) If the sponsor is a political committee established, maintained, or controlled directly, or indirectly through the formation of one or more political committees, by an individual, corporation, union, association, or other entity, the full name of that individual or entity.

(3) The information required by subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall:

(a) Appear on the first page or fold of the written advertisement or communication in at least ten-point type, or in type at least ten percent of the largest size type used in a written advertisement or communication directed at more than one voter, such as a billboard or poster, whichever is larger;

(b) Not be subject to the half-tone or screening process; and

(4) In an independent expenditure or electioneering communication transmitted via television or other medium that includes a visual image, the following statement must either be clearly spoken, or appear in print and be visible for at least four seconds, appear in letters greater than four percent of the visual screen height, and have a reasonable color contrast with the background: “No candidate authorized this ad. Paid for by (name, city, state).” If the advertisement or communication is undertaken by a nonindividual other than a party organization, then the following notation must also be included: “Top Five Contributors” followed by a listing of the names of the five persons or entities making the largest contributions in excess of seven hundred dollars reportable under this chapter during the twelve-month period preceding the date on which the advertisement is initially published or otherwise presented to the public. Abbreviations may be used to describe contributing entities if the full name of the entity has been clearly spoken previously during the broadcast advertisement.

(5) The following statement shall be clearly spoken in an independent expenditure or electioneering communication transmitted by a method that does not include a visual image: “No candidate authorized this ad. Paid for by (name, city, state).” If the independent expenditure or electioneering communication is undertaken by a nonindividual other than a party organization, then the following statement must also be included: “Top Five Contributors” followed by a listing of the names of the five persons or entities making the largest contributions in excess of seven hundred dollars reportable under this chapter during the twelve-month period preceding the date on which the advertisement is initially published or otherwise presented to the public. Abbreviations may be used to describe contributing entities if the full name of the entity has been clearly spoken previously during the broadcast advertisement.

(6) Political advertising costing one thousand dollars or more supporting or opposing ballot measures sponsored by a political committee must include the information on the “Top Five Contributors” consistent with subsections (2), (4), and (5) of this section. A series of political advertising sponsored by the same political committee, each of which is under one thousand dollars, must include the “Top Five Contributors” information required by this section once their cumulative value reaches one thousand dollars or more.

(7) Political yard signs are exempt from the requirements of this section that the sponsor's name and address, and “Top Five Contributor” information, be listed on the advertising. In addition, the public disclosure commission shall, by rule, exempt from the identification requirements of this section forms of political advertising such as campaign buttons, balloons, pens, pencils, sky-writing, inscriptions, and other forms of advertising where identification is impractical.

(8) For the purposes of this section, “yard sign” means any outdoor sign with dimensions no greater than eight feet by four feet.

§ 3-8-2. Accounts for receipts and expenditures in elections; requirements for reporting independent expenditures

(a) Except for: (1) Candidates for party committeeman and committeewoman; and (2) federal committees required to file under the provisions of 2 U.S.C.§ 434, all candidates for nomination or election and all persons supporting, aiding or opposing the nomination, election or defeat of any candidate shall keep for a period of six months records of receipts and expenditures which are made for political purposes. All of the receipts and expenditures are subject to regulation by the provisions of this article. Verified financial statements of the records and expenditures shall be made and filed as public records by all candidates and by their financial agents, representatives or any person acting for and on behalf of any candidate and by the treasurers of all political party committees.

(b)(1) In addition to any other reporting required by the provisions of this chapter,, any person who makes independent expenditures in an aggregate amount or value in excess of $1,000 during a calendar year shall file a disclosure statement, on a form prescribed by the Secretary of State, that contains all of the following information:

(A) The name of (i) the person making the expenditure; (ii) the name of any person sharing or exercising direction or control over the activities of the person making the expenditure; and (iii) the name of the custodian of the books and accounts of the person making the expenditure;

(B) If the person making the expenditure is not an individual, the principal place of business of the partnership, corporation, committee, association, organization or group which made the expenditure;

(C) The amount of each expenditure of more than $1,000 made during the period covered by the statement and the name of the person to whom the expenditure was made;

(D) The elections to which the independent expenditure pertain, the names, if known, of the candidates referred to or to be referred to therein, whether the expenditure is intended to support or oppose the identified candidates and the amount of the total expenditure reported pursuant to paragraph (C) of this subdivision spent to support or oppose each of the identified candidates;

(E) The name and address of any person who contributed a total of more than $250 between the first day of the preceding calendar year, and the disclosure date, and whose contributions were made for the purpose of furthering the expenditure.

(F) With regard to the contributors required to be listed pursuant to paragraph (E) of this subdivision, the statement shall also include:

(i) The month, day and year that the contributions of any single contributor exceeded $250;

(ii) If the contributor is a political action committee, the name and address the political action committee registered with the Secretary of State, county clerk or municipal clerk;

(iii) If the contributor is an individual, the name and address of the individual, his or her occupation, the name and address of the individual's current employer, if any, or, if the individual is self-employed, the name and address of the individual's business, if any;

(iv) A description of the contribution, if other than money; and

(v) The value in dollars and cents of the contribution.

(G)(1) A certification that such independent expenditure was not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert, with, or at the request or suggestion of, any candidate or any authorized committee or agent of such candidate.

(2) Any person who makes a contribution for the purpose of funding an independent expenditure under this subsection shall, at the time the contribution is made, provide his or her name, address, occupation, his or her current employer, if any, or, if the individual is self-employed, the name of his or her business, if any, to the recipient of the contribution.

(3) The Secretary of State shall expeditiously prepare indices setting forth, on a candidate-by-candidate basis, all independent expenditures separately, made by, or on behalf of, or for, or against each candidate, as reported under this subsection, and for periodically publishing such indices on a timely pre-election basis.

(c)(1) A person, including a political committee, who makes or contracts to make independent expenditures aggregating $1,000 or more for any statewide, legislative or multi-county judicial candidate or $500 or more for any county office, single-county judicial candidate, committee supporting or opposing a candidate on the ballot in more than one county, or any municipal candidate on a municipal election ballot, after the fifteenth day, but more than twelve hours, before the date of an election, shall file a report on a form prescribed by the Secretary of State, describing the expenditures within twenty-four hours: Provided, That a person making expenditures in the amount of $1,000 or more for any statewide or legislative candidate on or after the fifteenth day but more than twelve hours before the day of any election shall report such expenditures in accordance with section two-b of this article and shall not file an additional report as provided herein.

(2) Any person who files a report under subdivision (1) of this subsection, shall file an additional report within twenty-four hours after each time the person makes or contracts to make independent expenditures aggregating an additional $500 with respect to the same election, for any county office, single-county judicial candidate, committee supporting or opposing a candidate on the ballot in more than one county, or any municipal candidate on a municipal election ballot, as that to which the initial report relates.

(d)(1) A person, including a political committee, who makes or contracts to make independent expenditures aggregating $10,000 or more at any time up to and including the fifteenth day before the date of an election shall file a report on a form prescribed by the Secretary of State, describing the expenditures within forty-eight hours.

(2) A person who files a report under subdivision (1) of this subsection, the person shall file an additional report within forty-eight hours after each time the person makes or contracts to make independent expenditures aggregating an additional $10,000 with respect to the same election as that to which the initial report relates.

(e) Any communication paid for by an independent expenditure must include a clear and conspicuous public notice that:

(1) Clearly states that the communication is not authorized by the candidate or the candidate's committee; and

(2) Clearly identifies the person making the expenditure: Provided, That if the communication appears on or is disseminated by broadcast, cable or satellite transmission, the statement required by this subsection must be both spoken clearly and appear in clearly readable writing at the end of the communication.

(f) Any person who has spent a total of $5,000 or more for the direct costs of purchasing, producing or disseminating electioneering communications during any calendar year shall maintain all financial records and receipts related to such expenditure for a period of six months following the filing of a disclosure pursuant to subsection (a) of this section and, upon request, shall make such records and receipts available to the Secretary of State or county clerk for the purpose of an audit as provided in section seven of this article.

(g) Any person who willfully fails to comply with this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $500, or confined in jail for not more than one year, or both fined and confined.

(h)(1) Any person who is required to file a statement under this section may file the statement by facsimile device or electronic mail, in accordance with such rules as the Secretary of State may promulgate.

(2) The Secretary of State shall make any document filed electronically pursuant to this subsection accessible to the public on the internet not later than twenty-four hours after the document is received by the secretary.

(3) In promulgating a rule under this subsection, the secretary shall provide methods, other than requiring a signature on the document being filed, for verifying the documents covered by the rule. Any document verified under any of the methods shall be treated for all purposes, including penalties for perjury, in the same manner as a document verified by signature.

(i) This section does not apply to candidates for federal office.

(j) The Secretary of State may promulgate emergency and legislative rules, in accordance with the provisions of chapter twenty-nine-a of this code, to establish guidelines for the administration of this section.

§ 3-8-2b. Disclosure of electioneering communication

(a) Every person who has spent:

(1) A total of five thousand dollars or more for the direct costs of purchasing, producing or disseminating electioneering communications during any calendar year; or

(2) A total of one thousand dollars or more on or after the fifteenth day but more than twelve hours before the day of any election for the direct costs of purchasing, producing or disseminating electioneering communications during any calendar year shall, within twenty-four hours of each disclosure date, file with the Secretary of State a statement which contains all of the information listed in subsection (b) of this section.

(b)(1) The name of the person making the expenditure, the name of any person sharing or exercising direction or control over the activities of the person making the expenditure and the name of the custodian of the books and accounts of the person making the expenditure;

(2) If the person making the expenditure is not an individual, the principal place of business of the partnership, committee, association, organization or group which made the expenditure;

(3) The amount of each expenditure of more than one thousand dollars made for electioneering communications during the period covered by the statement and the name of the person to whom the expenditure was made;

(4) The elections to which the electioneering communications pertain, the names, if known, of the candidates referred to or to be referred to therein, whether the electioneering communication is intended to support or oppose the identified candidates and the amount of the total expenditure reported in subdivision (3) of this subsection spent to support or oppose each of the identified candidates; and

(5) The names and addresses of any contributors who contributed a total of more than one thousand dollars between the first day of the preceding calendar year and the disclosure date and whose contributions were used to pay for electioneering communications.

(c) With regard to the contributors required to be listed pursuant to subdivision (5), subsection (b) of this section, the statement shall also include:

(1) The month, day and year that the contributions of any single contributor exceeded two hundred fifty dollars;

(2) If the contributor is a political action committee, the name and address the political action committee registered with the State Election Commission;

(3) If the contributor is an individual, the name and address of the individual, his or her occupation, the name and address of the individual's current employer, if any, or, if the individual is self-employed, the name and address of the individual's business, if any;

(4) A description of the contribution, if other than money;

(5) The value in dollars and cents of the contribution.

(d)(1) Any person who makes a contribution for the purpose of funding the direct costs of purchasing, producing or disseminating an electioneering communication under this section shall, at the time the contribution is made, provide his or her name and address to the recipient of the contribution;

(2) Any individual who makes contributions totaling two hundred fifty dollars or more between the first day of the preceding calendar year and the disclosure date for the purpose of funding the direct costs of purchasing, producing or disseminating electioneering communications shall, at the time the contribution is made, provide the name of his or her occupation and of his or her current employer, if any, or, if the individual is self-employed, the name of his or her business, if any, to the recipient of the contribution.

(e) In each electioneering communication, a statement shall appear or be presented in a clear and conspicuous manner that:

(1) Clearly indicates that the electioneering communication is not authorized by the candidate or the candidate's committee; and

(2) Clearly identifies the person making the expenditure for the electioneering communication: Provided, That if the electioneering communication appears on or is disseminated by broadcast, cable or satellite transmission, the statement required by this subsection must be both spoken clearly and appear in clearly readable writing at the end of the communication.

(f) Within five business days after receiving a disclosure of electioneering communications statement pursuant to this section, the Secretary of State shall make information in the statement available to the public through the internet.

(g) For the purposes of this section, a person is considered to have made an expenditure when the person has entered into a contract to make the expenditure at a future time.

(h) The Secretary of State is hereby directed to propose legislative rules and emergency rules implementing this section for legislative approval in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code.

(i) If any person, including, but not limited to, a political organization (as defined in Section 527(e)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) makes, or contracts to make, any expenditure for electioneering communications which is coordinated with and made with the cooperation, consent or prior knowledge of a candidate, candidate's committee or agent of a candidate, the expenditure shall be treated as a contribution and expenditure by the candidate. If the expenditure is coordinated with and made with the cooperation or consent of a state or local political party or committee, agent or official of that party, the expenditure shall be treated as a contribution to and expenditure by the candidate's party.

(j) This section does not apply to candidates for federal office. This section is not intended to restrict or to expand any limitations on, obligations of or prohibitions against any candidate, committee, agent, contributor or contribution contained in any other provision of this chapter.

§ 11.30. Attribution of political contributions, disbursements and communications

(1) No disbursement may be made or obligation incurred anonymously, and no contribution or disbursement may be made or obligation incurred in a fictitious name or by one person or organization in the name of another for any political purpose.

(2)(a) The source of every printed advertisement, billboard, handbill, sample ballot, television or radio advertisement or other communication which is paid for by or through any contribution, disbursement or incurred obligation shall clearly appear thereon. This paragraph does not apply to communications for which reporting is not required under s. 11.06(2).

(b) Every such communication the cost of which is paid for or reimbursed by a committee or group, or for which a committee or group assumes responsibility, whether by the acceptance of a contribution or by the making of a disbursement, shall be identified by the words “Paid for by” followed by the name of the committee or group making the payment or reimbursement or assuming responsibility for the communication and the name of the treasurer or other authorized agent of such committee or group.

(c) Every such communication which is directly paid for or reimbursed by an individual, including a candidate without a personal campaign committee who is serving as his or her own treasurer, or for which an individual assumes responsibility, whether by the acceptance of a contribution or by the making of a disbursement, shall be identified by the words “Paid for by” followed by the name of the candidate or other individual making the payment or reimbursement or assuming responsibility for the communication. No abbreviation may be used in identifying the name of a committee or group under this paragraph.

(d) In addition to the requirements of pars. (a) to (c), a committee or individual required to file an oath under s. 11.06(7) shall also in every communication in support of or in opposition to any clearly identified candidate or candidates include the words “Not authorized by any candidate or candidate's agent or committee”.

(e) Communications under this section by a personal campaign committee may identify the committee or any bona fide subcommittee thereof.

(em) The source of each printed advertisement, billboard, handbill, paid television or radio advertisement or other communication made for the purpose of influencing the recall from or retention in office of an individual holding a state or local office shall clearly appear thereon in the manner prescribed in pars. (b) and (c).

(f) This subsection does not apply to the preparation and transmittal of personal correspondence or the production, wearing or display of a single personal item which is not reproduced or manufactured by machine or other equipment for sale or distribution to more than one individual.

(fm) This subsection does not apply to communications printed on pins, buttons, pens, balloons, nail files and similar small items on which the information required by this subsection cannot be conveniently printed. The board may, by rule, specify small items not mentioned in this paragraph to which this subsection shall not apply.

(g) This subsection does not apply to nonadvertising material contained in a regularly published newsletter by an organization which is expressing its political views with respect to elections which are of concern to its membership, provided that distribution of such newsletter is restricted to such membership.

(h) Notwithstanding par. (a), the attributions required by this subsection in written communications shall be readable, legible and readily accessible.

(hm) Notwithstanding pars. (a) to (c), any communication making a solicitation on behalf of more than one candidate for a joint fund raising effort or program pursuant to an escrow agreement under s. 11.16(5) may omit the names of the candidates or personal campaign committees assuming responsibility for the communication if the communication discloses that a joint fund raising effort or program is being conducted on behalf of named candidates.

(i) No person may publish or disseminate, or cause to be published or disseminated any communication in violation of this subsection. A communications medium which in good faith relies on the representations of any person who places an advertisement with such medium as to the applicability of this subsection to such person does not violate this paragraph as a result of publication or dissemination of that advertisement based on such representations, provided that the representations are reasonable.

(3)(a) This subsection applies to the following persons who own any financial interest in a newspaper or periodical circulating in this state or in any radio or television station located in this state:

Every person occupying any office or position with an annual compensation over $300, under the constitution or laws of the United States or of this state or under an ordinance of any municipality of this state.
Every candidate or member of any committee or group under this chapter.
Every individual registered under s. 11.05.

(b) Any person named in par. (a) is guilty of a violation of this chapter unless, before using the communications medium for political purposes other than as provided for in sub. (2), there is filed with the board a verified declaration specifically stating the communications medium in which the person has financial interest or over which the person has control and the exact nature and extent of the interest or control.

(4) No owner or other person with a financial interest in a communications medium may utilize such medium in support of or in opposition to a candidate or referendum except as provided in this chapter.

(4m) This chapter shall not be construed to restrict coverage of bona fide news stories, interviews with candidates and other politically active individuals, editorial comment or editorials by any broadcasting station, cable television operator or producer, Internet site, or newspaper or other periodical publication, including an Internet or electronic publication, unless the communication is made by a candidate, personal campaign committee, support committee of a candidate authorized under s. 11.05(3)(p), or a political party. Activities that are not restricted under this subsection are not subject to an attribution requirement under sub. (2) and need not be reported as a contribution or disbursement.

(5) Whenever any person receives payment from another person, in cash or in-kind, for the direct or indirect cost of conducting a poll concerning support or opposition to a candidate, political party or referendum, the person conducting the poll shall, upon request of any person who is polled, disclose the name and address of the person making payment for the poll and, in the case of a registrant under s. 11.05, the name of the treasurer of the person making payment.

§ 22-25-110. Campaign advertising in communications media

(a) It is unlawful for a candidate, political action committee, organization, including organizations making expenditures pursuant to W.S. 22-25-102(k), candidate's campaign committee, or any political party central committee to pay for campaign literature or campaign advertising in any communication medium without printing or announcing the candidate, organization or committee sponsoring the campaign advertising or campaign literature. The communications media in using the campaign advertising shall print or announce the name of the candidate, organization or committee paying for the advertising.

(b) For purposes of this section, “campaign literature” does not include small campaign items such as tickets, bumper stickers, pens, pencils, buttons, rulers, nail files, balloons and yard signs displaying the name of the candidate or office sought.

(c) Any organization making an expenditure pursuant to W.S. 22-25-102(k) which is subject to this subsection and in excess of five hundred dollars ($500.00) shall report the expenditure as specified in W.S. 22-25-106(h).

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Key Takeaways

Alabama

§ 17-5-12. Identification of paid advertisements

Alaska

§ 15.13.090. Identification of communication

Arizona

§ 16-912. Candidates and independent expenditures; campaign literature and advertisement sponsors; identification; civil penalty Currentness

§ 16-914.02. Reporting independent expenditures of corporations, limited liability companies and labor organizations; statement; disclaimer and disclosure; civil action; civil penalty; violation; classification; definitions

Arkansas

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

California

§ 84506. Independent expenditures; disclosure statement

§ 84506.5. Advertisement in support or opposition of candidate; candidate or committee statement Currentness

§ 84508. Short broadcasts; small advertisements If disclosure of two major donors is required by Sections 84503 and 84506, the committee shall be required to disclose, in addition to the committee name, only its highest major contributor in any advertisement which is:

§ 84305. Mass mailings; requirements

Colorado

§ 1-45-107.5. Independent expenditures--restrictions on foreign corporations--registration--disclosure--disclaimer requirements

Delaware

§ 8021. Identification of purchaser

Florida

106.1439. Electioneering communications; disclaimers

Georgia

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

Hawaii

[§ 11-391]. Advertisements

[§ 11-393]. Identification of certain top contributors to noncandidate committees making only independent expenditures Currentness

Idaho

§ 67-6614A. Publication or distribution of political statements

Illinois

§ 9-9.5. Disclosures in political communications.

Indiana

3-9-3-2.5 Communications regarding clearly identified candidates; soliciting contributions Currentness

Iowa

68A.405. Attribution statement on published material

Kansas

25-4156. Charges for space in newspapers and other periodicals; excess charges; corrupt political advertising; misdemeanor

Kentucky

121.190 Identification of contributors and advertisers

Louisiana

§1463.1. Telephone campaign communications; disclosure

Maine

§ 1014. Publication or distribution of political communications

Maryland

§ 13-401. Authority lines required in campaign materials

§ 13-404. Campaign material transmitted through electronic media

Massachusetts

§ 18G. Independent expenditure or electioneering communication; disclosure statement regarding identity of financially responsible individual or entity; form; penalty for violation

Michigan

§ 169.247. Printed matter or radio or television paid advertisement having reference to election, candidate, or ballot question; identification or disclaimer; size and placement; exceptions; violation; penalty; prerecorded telephone message

Minnesota

§ 10A.17. Expenditures

Mississippi

NCSL could not identify any statute pertaining to disclaimers on political advertisements.

Missouri

§ 130.031. Restrictions and limitations on contributions--records required--anonymous contributions, how handled--campaign materials, sponsor to be identified--prizes prohibited

Montana

§ 13-35-225. Election materials not to be anonymous--statement of accuracy--notice--penalty

Nevada

§ 294A.348. Disclosures and statements required on certain public political advertising and Internet communication

New Hampshire

§ 664:14 Signature, Identification, and Lack of Authorization.

New Jersey

§ 19:44A-22.3. Campaign advertisements; identification of issuer; disclosure of campaign financing; violations; penalties

Nebraska

§ 49-1474.01. Political material; disclaimer requirements; violation; penalty

§ 49-1474.02. Dissemination of message by telecommunication or electronic means; requirements

New Mexico

§ 1-19-16. Campaign practices; printing or publishing campaign material without specifying sponsor; penalty

§ 1-19-17. Campaign practices; circulation of campaign material without specifying sponsor; penalty

New York

§ 14-106. Political communication

North Carolina

§ 163-278.39. Basic disclosure requirements for all political advertisements

North Dakota

§ 16.1-10-04.1. Certain political advertisements to disclose name of sponsor - Name disclosure requirements.

Ohio

§ 3517.20 Political communications must be identified; penalty

Oklahoma

§ 257:10-1-7. Expenditures

§ 2-19-120.  Political communications, advertising and solicitations -- Contents -- Applicability -- Penalties