Environment, Energy and Transportation Program
Clean Air Newsletter
A Quarterly Review of Legislation and Air Quality Issues
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December 2002
Vol. 6 No. 3
IN THIS ISSUE
FEDERAL ACTIONS
EPA Finalizes Changes to NSR Program
EPA Sets Implementation Schedule for New Ozone Rule
U.S. General Accounting Office Report Sets Stage for Multi-Pollutant Debate
EPA Report Documents Acid Rain Reductions
STATE ACTIONS
EPA Report Criticizes California Emissions Trading Program
New Jersey Emissions Trading Program Revoked
NCSL MEETINGS
STATE LEGISLATION
Summaries of Selected 2002 State Air Quality Bills
FEDERAL ACTIONS
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced final changes to the New Source Review (NSR) rule on November 22. At the same time, the agency proposed a new rule that would define what constitutes "routine maintenance, repair and replacement" for triggering NSR permitting requirements. According to EPA, the final and proposed rule changes " ... will offer facilities greater flexibility to improve and modernize their operations in ways that will reduce energy use and air pollution, provide incentives to install state-of-the-art pollution controls ... [and] remove perverse and unintended regulatory barriers to investments in energy efficiency and pollution control projects, while preserving the environmental benefits of the NSR program."
The NSR program applies to the construction of new sources or the modification of existing sources of air pollution. It is designed to ensure that air quality improves if changes in facility operations occur where air quality does not meet federal standards, or that air quality is not significantly degraded where air quality complies with federal standards. The primary means of achieving these objectives is to install the most effective pollution control technology.
Among the changes in the final rule, electric utilities and oil refineries that agree to operate within strict sitewide emissions caps-called Plantwide Applicability Limits, or PALs-are allowed to modify their operations without being subject to NSR permitting requirements, provided emissions do not exceed the caps. In addition, the baseline under which emissions are calculated to determine whether NSR requirements are triggered for facilities other than electric utilities is changed from the two-year period immediately preceding a proposed plant modification to the highest two-year period within the preceding 10 years.
One of the most contentious aspects of the NSR program concerns the definition of "routine maintenance, repair and replacement." Many electric utilities and oil refineries argue that requiring major capital investments in technology to accommodate what they consider to be routine repairs or upgrades to older facilities discourages efficiency. Many state air administrators and environmental groups contend that allowing modifications of older, high-polluting facilities to forego regulation will result in increased emissions as their generating capacity expands. EPA's proposed rule would provide companies with a "facility-wide annual allowance for maintenance activities." According to the federal agency, "Activities undertaken to promote the safe, reliable and efficient operation of a plant, whose costs fall within the allowance, would constitute routine maintenance, repair and replacement..." and not be subject to NSR permitting requirements. In addition, a new "equipment replacement approach" would, according to EPA, "...provide that most projects involving the replacement of existing equipment with functionally equivalent new equipment would constitute routine maintenance, repair and replacement."
The associations that represent state and local air pollution control agencies-the State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (STAPPA/ALAPCO)-criticized EPA's NSR changes. Bill Becker, STAPPA/ALAPCO's executive director, contended that, "Although our associations believe NSR can be improved-and our lengthy and very detailed record of recommendations to EPA on the issue clearly illustrates our support for changes to the program-we firmly believe the controversial reforms EPA is putting in place today will result in unchecked emission increases that will degrade our air quality and endanger public health." One of STAPPA/ALAPCO's principal contentions described in its November 22 statement is that, "The mandatory nature of the new reforms, even if accompanied by some kind of opt-out demonstration process, will prevent state and local agencies from retaining or adopting programs that are more stringent than the federal program."
The Edison Electric Institute (EEI), the association that represents shareholder-owned electric utilities, noted in its statement issued the same day that the proposed changes to the definition of routine maintenance, repair and replacement " ... is a critical first step that-depending on the eventual outcome-could greatly improve the way power plants are regulated under the Clean Air Act." Although EEI supports the federal agency's initial efforts at NSR reform, Quin Shea, EEI executive director for environment, cautioned that, "We're frustrated that the agency has stopped short of advancing a specific proposal that would remove the perpetual threat of litigation hanging over the heads of power plant operators facing difficult decisions about whether to proceed with critical maintenance activities."
The proposed rule that affects the definition of routine maintenance, repair and replacement is open for a 60-day public comment period, which ends March 3, 2003.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) entered into a consent decree in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on Nov. 13, 2002, to settle a lawsuit filed by several environmental groups regarding implementation of the agency's 8-hour ozone standard. EPA plans to designate areas that do not meet the new standard-referred to as "nonattainment areas"-by April 15, 2004. As many as 340 areas in 38 states may be classified as nonattainment under the new standard.
The federal agency originally promulgated the 8-hour ozone standard in July 1997. The new standard reduced the allowable level for ozone from 0.12 parts per million (ppm) to 0.08 ppm and averaged its measurement over an 8-hour period instead of one hour. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the standard from challenges filed by some industry groups and states on Feb. 21, 2001, but determined that EPA's implementation strategy was unlawful and remanded the standard to the agency to develop a more reasonable approach. In a unanimous decision handed down March 26 in the case of American Trucking Associations vs. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied a petition for further review of the standard.
Vickie Patton, an attorney for one of the plaintiff groups, Environmental Defense, noted that the time frame established in the consent decree for promulgating attainment designations "is workable for both EPA and the states." With litigation on the new standard concluded, she expressed her belief that the plaintiffs, states and EPA would now be able to "refocus our mutual attention and effort" toward achieving the public health benefits envisioned in the new standard.
On Nov. 12, 2002 the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) released a report that estimates that Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could increase anywhere from 28 percent to 48 percent, and mercury emissions could increase from 9 percent to 21 percent, by 2020. GAO made the forecast based on anticipated increases in power plants' use of fossil fuels to keep pace with demand and a "general absence of federal or state regulations establishing emission standards for CO2 and mercury." The report estimated, however, that power plant emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) would decrease due to Clean Air Act regulations. The GAO report is based on the Energy Information Administration's estimate that power production will increase by 42 percent by 2020.
This year, Senate Republicans and Democrats introduced competing versions of multi-pollutant legislation (S. 2815, S. 556), and Senator Tom Carper (D-Del.) introduced a centrist bill (S. 3135), but all three bills failed to pass. The report, Air Pollution: Meeting Future Electricity Demand Will Increase Emissions of Some Harmful Substances, was requested by Senator Joe Lieberman (D-Conn.) and outgoing Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Chairman Jim Jeffords (I-Vermont). The report is available online at www.gao.gov/new.items/d0349.pdf.
On Nov. 14, 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its Acid Rain Program 2001 Progress Report. Acid rain, which is formed primarily by emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from electric power plants, can adversely affect water bodies, forests and human health. Congress established an emissions trading program in 1990 in an attempt to significantly reduce SO2 and NOx emissions in the most cost-effective manner. EPA's report concludes that, "The program has succeeded in reducing SO2 emissions using a cap and trade system while allowing sources flexibility to find the best and cheapest compliance method and encouraging technological innovation. The trading component of the SO2 program has lowered the costs of compliance and has not resulted in any significant geographic shifts in emissions." EPA further determined that " ... these emissions reductions have contributed to measurable improvements in air quality, reductions in deposition, and recovery of acid-sensitive waters."
Specifically, EPA found that SO2 emissions from power plants had declined 33 percent in 2001 from 1990 levels, and were 5 percent lower than they were in 2000. NOx emissions were reported to be 25 percent lower in 2001 than they were 11 years earlier, and 8 percent less than in the previous year. The full report is available online at www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp01/2001report.pdf.
STATE ACTION
The Region IX office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in San Francisco issued a November, 2002 report, entitled, An Evaluation of the South Coast Air Quality Management District's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market-Lessons in Environmental Markets and Innovation, that raised concerns about the effectiveness of the area's emissions trading program. The Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM) program began in southern California in 1994. It establishes factory-wide pollution limits for companies instead of regulating emissions from each pollution source and allows the companies to determine the best means of achieving reductions for emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Companies can take part in an emissions trading program if they reduce emissions below stipulated levels by selling unused pollution allowances to other companies that may not be able to meet the standards in as cost-effective a manner.
The EPA regional office conducted its evaluation after noting abnormally high spikes in the price of pollution allowances during 2000 and 2001, while at the same time seeing the failure of some facilities to achieve their emission reductions. EPA based its findings primarily on interviews with 20 stakeholders in the region-regulated facilities, environmental organizations, regulatory agencies and brokerage firms-and a review of annual emissions reports filed with the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), which oversees the program. EPA found that RECLAIM had reduced pollution from the approximately 350 sources participating in the NOx reduction program and the 40 sources in the SO2 reduction program, by 19 percent during its first six years, which was 40 percent to 60 percent less than anticipated. EPA noted that, under a regulatory framework, emissions from the sources could have been reduced by 72 percent.
Why the discrepancy in performance? The EPA report suggests that, "It is the result mainly of the initial inflation of the allocation line [i.e., pollution allowances granted to facilities were 40 percent to 60 percent higher than actual emissions]." While noting deficiencies in RECLAIM's early performance, the federal agency cautioned that, "Any changes made to RECLAIM at this stage in the program must be taken in small steps and should not involve dramatic regulatory modifications."
A SCAQMD source cited in the Nov. 21, 2002 issue of Inside EPA's Clean Air Report contends that EPA "'relied on stakeholders rather than looking at the [emissions] data.'" The air district source continues, "'As a result, it's not an objective evaluation. And we do not think its conclusions can be relied on to suggest changes to the RECLAIM program.'" Additional information about how the RECLAIM program works can be found online at www.aqmd.gov/reclaim/reclaim.html. The complete EPA report can be viewed at www.epa.gov/Region9/air/reclaim/report.pdf.
On Oct. 18, 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) withdrew its proposed conditional approval of New Jersey's Open Market Emissions Trading Program (OMET) that it originally had issued on Jan. 9, 2001. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) developed OMET in 1996. It allows companies to generate "discrete emission reduction" credits for nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases. The credits can be traded on the open market by those companies that can achieve emissions reductions to those companies that cannot achieve them in as cost-effective a manner. To further reduce the level of pollutants, OMET requires 10 percent of any trade to be removed from the market. The primary difference between OMET and other state and federal cap-and-trade programs is that open market trading allows emissions trading between sectors (e.g., exchanging pollution from an electric utility for emissions reductions by an equivalent number of motor vehicles).
OMET was included in New Jersey's revised state implementation plan as a strategy to reduce ozone (New Jersey's administrative rules describing the program are available online at www.state.nj.us/dep/aqm/ometp2ad.htm). EPA's Office of Inspector General identified problems with the program in June 2002, including the lack of a "quantification protocol" to verify that trades between sectors were achieving equivalent emission reductions, and insufficient enforcement mechanisms. DEP agreed with many of the federal agency's concerns in August, acknowledged that the emissions trading program had failed to meet its objectives, and determined that it should be curtailed. The Federal Register notice to disapprove OMET is online at www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2002/October/Day-18/a26440.htm.
The National Conference of State Legislatures' Clean Air Working Group met in conjunction with the NCSL Fall Forum in Washington, D.C., Dec. 11, 2002
• Legislators were briefed on the following issues.
• Innovative state air quality legislation enacted during the 2002 sessions.
• EPA's final and propsed changes to the New Source Review rule.
• EPA's implementation of the new 8-hour ozone standard and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) standards.
• U.S. Senator Tom Carper's proposed multi-pollutant legislation.
Presenters included Jeff Clark, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; Jim Reilly, staff to Senator Tom Carper; and Larry Morandi, NCSL staff. For additional information about the meeting, contact Larry Morandi in NCSL's Denver office at (303) 364-7700, or e-mail him at larry.morandi@ncsl.org
The 2002 legislative sessions have adjourned for the year. With the exception of New Jersey and Virginia, bills that did not pass by the end of the year must be reintroduced in 2003 if they are to be considered again. In contrast to 2001, when concerns over energy supply and the air quality effects of accelerated electricity generation were prevalent, no dominant air quality issue was apparent this year. Among the 10 categories of bills that were enacted this session are those that deal with incentives for alternative fuel vehicles; phasing out the use of MTBE; multi-pollutant strategies that package emissions reductions for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and, in some cases, mercury and carbon dioxide; emissions trading; regional haze; motor vehicle emissions testing; electricity generation; greenhouse gas emissions; judicial review; and air quality standards. The legislation that received the most national attention addressed multi-pollutant strategies, emissions trading and greenhouse gas emissions. The following summaries include only those bills that were enacted or carried over to the 2003 sessions.
|
State |
Category |
Bill Number |
Status |
Description |
|
Arizona |
Alternative Fuel |
HB 2103 |
Enacted |
Expands the definition of "clean burning fuel" to include a diesel fuel that contains a maximum of 15 parts per million by weight of sulfur, meets American Society for Testing and Materials standard, meets EPA's registration requirements for fuels and additives (section 211 of the federal Clean Air Act), and is used in an engine that is equipped or has been retrofitted with a device that has been certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for use with that engine and application to reduce particulate emissions. |
|
Arizona |
Motor Vehicle Repair/Retrofit |
HB 2442 |
Enacted |
Sets a limit of $10,000 on the total amount of money an owner of diesel vehicles registered as a fleet can receive to repair and retrofit the vehicles under the voluntary vehicle repair and retrofit program, known as V2R2. Limits to 25 percent the portion of V2R2 funds that can be used on the diesel portion of the program in any year. |
|
Arizona |
Regional Haze |
HB 2585 |
Enacted |
Authorizes the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to submit to EPA a state implementation plan (SIP) to address regional haze visibility impairment in mandatory federal class I areas under the federal Clean Air Act. Allows DEQ to participate in interstate regional haze programs established by the Western Regional Planning Organization. Requires the DEQ director to submit the regional haze SIP to EPA, including provisions such as monitoring strategy and pollution prevention. |
|
California |
Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
AB 1493 (Replaces AB 1058) |
Enacted |
Requires the Air Resources Board to develop regulations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles by Jan. 1, 2005, with an effective date no earlier than Jan. 1, 2006. Applies to vehicles beginning with 2009 model year. |
|
California |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 2461 |
Enacted |
Extends until Jan. 1, 2009, provisions of the Vehicle License Fee Law relating to low emission vehicles. The law exempts from the determination of market value the incremental costs that are incurred relative to a new light-duty motor vehicle propelled by an alternative fuel that is certified as producing emissions that meet or are lower than the standards for ultra-low emission vehicles. |
|
California |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 2774 |
Vetoed by Governor |
Requires the California Environmental Protection Agency and Resources Agency to convene a task force to develop and design the ongoing structure, plan, funding and content for a public information and education campaign to encourage the use of advanced technology light-duty vehicles that significantly reduce emissions of criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases, and toxic air contaminants in comparison to the average light duty vehicle. These provisions would be repealed Jan. 1, 2007. |
|
Colorado |
Motor Vehicle Emissions Testing |
HB 1338 |
Enacted |
Increases from $15 to $22 the statutory cap for a basic emissions test and for an enhanced emissions test for model year 1981 and older vehicles. Increases such cap $1 each year until the year 2005, when the cap becomes $25 for all vehicles. |
|
Connecticut |
Emissions Trading |
HB 5209 |
Enacted |
Limits, as of Jan. 1, 2004, the use of emissions credit trading as a means of meeting Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) regulatory standards for sulfur dioxide emissions from older power plants. Allows trading only when the DEP commissioner orders its use to offset excess emissions when the standards are suspended due to a shortage of low-sulfur fuel. Codifies emissions standards scheduled to go into effect Jan. 1, 2003. |
|
Connecticut |
Motor Vehicle Emissions Testing |
SB 20 |
Enacted |
Among other provisions, expands the definition of an official emissions inspection station to include any such facility approved by the commissioner of motor vehicles; includes those located on the premises of a licensed dealer or repairer. |
|
Florida |
Electricity Generation |
HB 1601 |
Enacted |
Redefines the term "environmental compliance costs" to include certain costs related to air quality. Includes costs prudently incurred by an electric utility pursuant to an agreement entered into prior to Jan.1, 2003, between the utility and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the purpose of ensuring compliance with ozone ambient air quality standards by an electric generating facility owned by an electric utility. |
|
Idaho |
Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
SB 1379 |
Enacted |
Provides for the creation of the Carbon Sequestration Advisory Committee and the Carbon Sequestration Assessment Fund. The 41-member committee will recommend policies or programs to enhance the ability of Idaho agricultural and nonindustrial private forest landowners to participate in systems of carbon trading. |
|
Indiana |
MTBE |
SB 381 |
Enacted |
After July 23, 2004, gasoline sold or used in Indiana may not contain more than 0.5 percent by volume of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). |
|
Illinois |
MTBE |
HB 3768 |
Enacted |
Amends the MTBE Elimination Act; provides an exception to the MTBE prohibition in motor fuel when the fuel contains only a trace amount. |
|
Kentucky |
Motor Vehicle Emissions Testing |
HB 618 |
Enacted |
Requires certain air pollution control district boards to develop plans to meet the requirements of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards without the use of a vehicle emission testing (VET) program. Requires the establishment of VET program review groups in counties that are not in attainment of national standards. |
|
Maryland |
Judicial Review |
HB 5 |
Enacted |
Expands legal standing to seek review of final decisions issued by the Department of Environment on air quality operating permits. |
|
Maryland |
Judicial Review |
SB 248 |
Enacted |
Expands legal standing to seek review of final decisions issued by the Department of Environment on air quality operating permits. |
|
Missouri |
Emissions Trading |
SB 1163 |
Enacted |
Revises the air emissions banking and trading program by clarifying use of air emission reduction credits. For air emission reduction credits to be tradable between sources, the air emission reduction credits would be based on air emission reductions that occur after Aug. 28, 2001, or must be credits that exist in the current air emissions bank. |
|
New Hampshire |
Multi-Pollutant Strategy |
HB 284 |
Enacted |
Establishes a cap-and-trade program to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, mercury and carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired power plants in the state. The legislation sets the levels of the emissions caps, which must be achieved by Dec. 31, 2006. |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 409 |
In Assembly Committee |
Directs the Department of Environmental Protection to adopt rules and regulations necessary to implement Phase II of the California Low Emission Vehicle program in New Jersey beginning in 2006. |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 417 |
In Assembly Committee |
Establishes a corporate business tax credit for 15 percent of the cost of purchasing alternative fuel vehicles or alternative technology vehicles during privilege periods beginning on or after January 1 of the year following enactment. Defines alternative fuel and excludes from the definition reformulated gasoline required to be sold under the federal "Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990." |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 2186 |
In Assembly Committee |
Establishes a sales tax exemption for motor vehicles certified as super-ultra-low emissions vehicles, partial zero emissions vehicles and zero emissions vehicles for purposes of the Phase II California Low Emissions Vehicle Program. The sales tax exemption would not take effect until SB 121 is enacted. The tax exemption would expire on Dec. 31, 2009. |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
SB 121 |
In Senate Committee |
Companion bill to AB 409. |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
SB 771 |
In Senate Committee |
Companion bill to AB 417. |
|
New Jersey |
Alternative Fuel |
SB 791 |
In Senate Committee |
Companion bill to AB 2186. |
|
New Jersey |
MTBE |
AB 941 |
In Assembly Committee |
Prohibits the sale of gasoline containing methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in New Jersey after Jan. 1, 2004. Requires the Department of Environmental Protection to apply to the U.S. EPA for a waiver from oxygen content requirements for gasoline for the purpose of discontinuing the use of MTBE as a gasoline additive. Establishes the Transportation Energy Security Council to monitor, study and assess the effort and progress of the oil industry to replace MTBE in gasoline. Requires the council to report its findings to the governor and recommend to the governor that the prohibition on MTBE be enforced beginning Jan. 1, 2004, or, if the council believes that the oil industry is making a good faith effort to replace MTBE but will not meet the deadline, the effective date may be extended to a date recommended by the council. The council expires on July 1, 2004, or six months after the extended effective date. |
|
New Mexico |
Alternative Fuel |
SB 18 |
Enacted |
Requires state agencies and educational institutions to acquire vehicles capable of operating on alternative fuel, and requires reporting of such acquisitions by state agencies. Amends the definition of alternative fuel to include a fuel mixture containing not less than 20 percent vegetable oil. |
|
New York |
Alternative Fuel |
AB 11749 |
Enacted |
Would exempt from state and local sales taxes $3,000 of the price of certain hybrid-electric vehicles. Would authorize purchasers of vehicles to receive a $2,000 personal income tax credit or corporate tax credit. |
|
North Carolina |
Multi-Pollutant Strategy |
SB 1078 |
Enacted |
Requires investor-owned utilities that operate coal-fired power plants that collectively emitted more than 75,000 tons of NOx in 2000, to reduce annual emissions to 35,000 tons in 2007, and to 25,000 tons in 2009. Owners of power plants emitting less than 75,000 tons of NOx must reduce annual emissions to 25,000 tons in 2007. Requires power plants that emitted more than 225,000 tons of SO2 in 2000 to reduce annual emissions to 150,000 tons in 2009, and to 80,000 tons in 2013. For those utilities emitting less than 225,000 tons of SO2, the limits are 100,000 tons and 50,000 tons per year by the same respective dates. |
|
North Carolina |
Low-Sulfur Fuel |
HB 1308 |
Enacted |
Delays compliance with the state's low-sulfur fuel requirements by two years to mesh with new federal gasoline standards that go into effect in 2006. |
|
Ohio |
MTBE |
HB 425 |
Enacted |
Prohibits the sale of gasoline containing more than 0.5 percent of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) after July 1, 2005. The prohibition will not be in effect unless the U.S. EPA grants a waiver allowing Ohio to control or prohibit the use of MTBE in motor vehicle fuels. The Ohio director of environmental protection must apply for this waiver. |
|
Tennessee |
Air Quality Standards |
SB 2949 |
Enacted |
Authorizes the Air Pollution Control Board to issue permits that are consistent with rules of the board and contain provisions at least as stringent as all federal requirements under the Clean Air Act. This includes, but is not limited to, all standards and requirements relating to new sources, Title V permitting and hazardous pollutants. |
|
Virginia |
Electricity Generation |
SB 389 |
In Senate Committee; carried over to 2003 session |
Requires the Department of Environmental Quality to develop a plan, no later than Sept. 1, 2002, to study the environmental impacts of proposed electrical generating facilities. Also requires the department to increase the number of ozone monitoring stations. Directs the department to place these ozone monitoring stations in the regions of greatest permitting activity, if funding exists. |
|
West Virginia |
Air Quality Standards |
HB 4163 |
Enacted |
Authorizes the Division of Environmental Protection to promulgate legislative rules regarding ambient air quality standards for sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and ozone. Further authorizes the division to promulgate legislative rules regarding standards of performance for new stationary sources pursuant to 40 CFR Part 60; acid rain provisions and permits; and a NOx budget trading program to control and reduce nitrogen oxides. |
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, December 2002.
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